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Clinical Urology > Urinary Tract Diseases of the Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Diseases of the Small Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for more urine production?

A

Polyuria

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2
Q

What is the term for less urine production?

A

Oliguria

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3
Q

What is the term for NO urine production?

A

Anuria

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4
Q

What is the term for increased frequency of urination?

A

Pollakuria

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5
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with urinary tract disease?

A
  • abdominal pain + distension
  • pain or difficulty urinating
  • subcutaneous swelling
  • depression (uraemia)
  • weight loss +/- diarrhea
  • changes in kidney size
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6
Q

What factors shouldnt be found in small ruminant urinalysis?

A 
Not normal to see:
Glucose
Ketones
Protein
Blood 
Bilirubin
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7
Q

What biochemical parameters can we measure to help diagnose UTD in ruminants?

A 
Urea
Creatinine
Total Protein
Creatine Kinase
Electrolytes
Beta Hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
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8
Q

How can uremia be categorized and tested in the ruminant?

A

Pre-renal- SG >1.025
Renal- SG >1.008 - 1.012
Post-renal- SG > 1.025, but variable

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of pre-renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Dehydration

- Shock

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Toxic Insult
  • Amyloidosis
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11
Q

What is the most common cause of post-renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Urolithiasis

- Trauma (ruptured bladder)

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12
Q

What are the most common diseases of the urinary tract in sheep and goats?

A

Kidney:

  • Pulpy kidney or bacillary haemoglobinuria
  • Toxic Nephrosis (acorns are toxic or certain antimicrobials)

Lower Urinary Tract:

  • Urolithiasis: very common
  • Ulcerative balano-posthitis/ balanitis/ vaginitis

Other diseases do occur but are far less common in sheep and goats

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13
Q

What causes Pulpy kidney disease?

A
  • Clostridia perfringens type D enterotoxemia
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Pulpy Kidney Disease?

A

acute onset
headpressing
central blindness
frothing

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15
Q

How can Pulpy Kidney Disease be diagnosed?

A
  • Glycosuria

- PM: focal symmetrical encephalomalacia + leakage of blood in kidney cortex hence a soft and pulpy kidney

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16
Q

What is the treatment/ prevention for Pulpy kidney disease?

A

Treatment is impossible

Prevention is through maternal vaccination- GOOD vaccine available thats given 4-6 weeks before lambing

Lambs then need to be vaccinated 3-6 weeks old and again a month later

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17
Q

What causes Bacillary haemoglobinuria in sheep and goats?

A

Ingestion of Clostridia haemolytica

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18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bacillary haemoglobinuria ?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Latent spores become lodged in the liver
  • Require a locus of anaerobic microenvironment in the liver (commonly caused by liver fluke)
  • The spores germinate in anaerobic conditions and produce Beta toxin (phospholipase C)
  • This results in intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria (red urine)
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19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Bacillary haemoglobinuria?

A 
Dull
Depressed
Pyrexic with dark urine
Jaundice
Death in 48-72 hours
20
Q

How can Bacillary haemoglobinuria be diagosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • PM: ischemic infarct in the liver, petechial haemorrhage in dark friable kidneys with a purple-red urine stained bladder
21
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of Bacillary haemoglobinuria?

A

Treatment is impossible

Prevention is through maternal vaccination- GOOD vaccine available thats given 4-6 weeks before lambing

Lambs then need to be vaccinated 3-6 weeks old and again a month later

22
Q

What are the common toxins that cause Toxic Nephrosis in Sheep and Goats?

A
  • Antimicrobials: aminoglycosides, oxytetracyclines, sulphonamides
  • NSAIDs
  • Dewormers: benzimidazoles
  • Monensin
  • Aldrin poisoning in goats (pesticide)
  • Mycotoxins
  • Acorns (Quercus poisoning): very common
23
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of Acorns (Quercus poisoning) in sheep and goats?

A 
Anorexia
Depression
Brisket edema
Dehydration
Rumen stasis
Tenesmus
Halitosis
Serous ocular and nasal discharge
PU/PD +/- hematuria
Icterus
Constipation -> mucoid to haemorrhagic diarrhea

Signs usually present 3-7 days after ingestion

24
Q

What would be a classic renal failure biochem panel + urinalysis seen with Quercus poisoning in sheep and goats?

A
  • Increased BUN and creatinine
  • Proteinuria, glucosuria, hyperbilirubinuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
  • Urine with a low SG
25
Q

What findings might you find on PM from a sheep with Quercus poisoning?

A
  • pale swollen kidneys
  • coagulative necrosis
  • perirenal edema, ascites and hydrothorax
  • edema and sub-serousal petechial or eccymotic haemorrhage of the intestinal mucosa and ulceration of the esophagus
26
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of Quercus poisoning in sheep?

A

Prognosis poor unless found early
- Fluid therapy

  • Ruminal microflora transplantation
  • Calcium hydroxide, activated charcoal
  • Polyethylene glycol in the feed or water will bind tannins and reduce tissue damage
27
Q

What is the cause of Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?

A

Currently unknown, but believed to be linked to coccidiosis or nematodirus GI parasites, or linked to the dewormers we use to rid of these parasites

28
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?

A 
Dull, not suckling
Ill-thrift
Hunched backs
Appear thirsty and will stand at water but wont drink 
Ataxic
Diarrhea
Seizures
Death in 1- 3 days
29
Q

How can Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs

- PM: swollen, pale kidneys

30
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis for Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?

A

~100% fatality

No treatment

31
Q

What is the most common cause of Urinary Tract Infections (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?

A
  • Reproductive tract disease such as metritis or endometritis post lambing
  • Post-urethrostomy surgery in males is nearly always due to Corynebacterium renale
32
Q

What are the signs associated with UTI (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?

A

+/- fever

stranguria

weight loss

pyuria +/- hematuria

33
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of UTI (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?

A

Prognosis guarded especially if chronic or associated with urethrostomy

Tx:

  • Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin for 14-21 days
  • Urine acidifiers e.g. Sodium acid phosphate 100g/day if C.renale is present as it alkalinizes the urine
34
Q

What are the risk factors associated with Urolithiasis in sheep or goats?

A
  • Male lambs/ kids, especially in those that were castrated in the first month of life (narrow urethra)
  • Breed: texan and scottish black face
  • High Mg content in ration (0.2%+), causing Struvite crystals
  • Alkaline urine (pH >8.0)
  • Low Ca:P ratio in diet
  • Dehydration
  • Rapid dietary changes
35
Q

Where are the 2 most common areas that crystals/ stones get stuck?

A
  • Sigmoid flexure

- Tip of penis

36
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with urolithiasis in sheep/ goats?

A 
Dull
Restless
Tail swishing
Separation
Sternal recumbancy
Foot stomping 
Excessive bleating
Bruxism
Painful expression 
Stranguria and tenesmus: wide based hind limb stance with legs held backwards
Increased HR, RR and congested mm
37
Q

How can Urolithiasis be diagnosed in sheep and goats?

A
  • clinical signs
  • Uroperitoneum due to a leaking bladder wall. Rupture is actually rare
  • Ultrasound
  • Gritty material at prepuce (but not always indicative)
38
Q

What is the treatment for Urolithiasis in sheep?

A
  • Daily oral dosing of ammonium chloride
  • excision of the vermiform appendix if cause of the problem
  • Sub-ischial urethrostomy (opening urethra in the caudal end). Most common
  • Permanent or non-permanent Cystotomy in valuable breeding rams
  • Tube cystotomy to allow for urethral rest and resolution, then removal at day 10
39
Q

How can Urolithiasis be prevented in sheep?

A
  • Dont castrate unnecessarily
  • Correct ration formulation (lower Mg and correct Ca:P ratio)
  • supply good quality hay/ roughage
  • NaCl supplementation: stimulates water consumption
  • Provide clean, fresh, unfrozen water
  • Dont feed ewe nuts (high in Mg) to young rams
40
Q

What is the cause of balano-posthitis (aka Pizzle Rot)?

A
  • C. renale infection (Urease enzyme activity converts Urea to NH3 which has a caustic effect)
  • High protein pasture
41
Q

How can balano-posthitis be diagnosed in male sheep/ clinical signs?

A
  • Swollen, edematous prepuce
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Strong ammonia smell
  • Prone to myiasis (fly strike)
42
Q

What is the treatment for balano-posthitis in male sheep?

A
  • IM Penicillin for 5+ days
  • Topical antiseptics
  • Reduce protein intake
  • Oral ammonium chloride (urinary acidifier)
43
Q

What is the cause of Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis?

A
  • Ureaplasma spp
44
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis ?

A
  • Swollen, edematous prepuce/ vagina
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Ulcers on the penis/ vagina
  • +/- discharge
45
Q

What is the treatment for Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis ?

A
  • Long acting oxytetracyclines and topical antiseptics

Clinical Urology (8 decks)

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