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Clinical Urology > Urinary Tract Diseases of Cattle and Porcine > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Diseases of Cattle and Porcine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal reference range for Urea and Creatinine in Bovines?

A

Urea: 2.0 - 7.5 mmol/L

Creatinine: 67 - 150 umol/L

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2
Q

What are the most common diseases of the Urinary Tract in Bovines?

A
  • Nephropathy/ Nephrosis
  • Amyloidosis of the Kidneys
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Cystitis
  • Enzootic haematuria
  • Urolithiasis
  • Patent Urachus + Urachial Abscesses
  • Bacillary hemoglobinuria
  • Babesiosis
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3
Q

What are the causes for Nephropathy/ Nephrosis in cattle?

A
  • Hypo-perfusion due to diarrhea, blood loss or shock
  • Toxins: sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, heavy metal, acorn poisoning, oxalates, myoglobin, hemoglobin
  • Infections: Babesiosis (causing hemoglobinuria)
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4
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Nephropathy/ Nephrosis in cattle?

A
  • Dull
  • Anorexic
  • Dehydration
  • PU/PD
  • Kidney Enlargement
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5
Q

How can Nephropathy/ Nephrosis be diagnosed in cattle?

A
  • Clinical Signs
  • Blood analysis: azotemia, hypoproteinemia (losing protein into the urine)
  • Urinalysis: proteinuria, isothenuria
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6
Q

How can Nephropathy/ Nephrosis be treated in cattle?

A

Depends on the cause:
- If ingested a toxin, can potentially do a rumentomy + activated charcoal

+ Supportive fluid therapy: 40 - 80 ml/kg/day

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7
Q

What is the cause of Kidney Amyloidosis in cattle?

A
  • unknown
  • associated with chronic inflammation, leading to the incorrect folding of proteins
    • Most common form of amyloid is the misfolding of the MAJOR acute-phase protein serum amyloid A, which increases in inflammation

note: considered an uncommon wasting disease of mature cattle

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8
Q

How can Kidney Amyloidosis be diagnosed in cattle?

A
  • Palpable enlarged Left kidney
  • Ultrasound enlarged Right kidney
  • Urinalysis: high protein content (urine will look foamy)

+/- diarrhea (malabsorption due to amyloid deposit in the GIT

  • Blood analysis: hypoalbuminemia
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9
Q

What are the main causes/ etiologies of Pyelonephritis in cattle?

A
  • Contagious: C.renale
  • Ascending infections: E.coli, T.pyogenes, Salmonella
  • Embolic nephritis: hematogenous source
  • Also associated with nephroliths, but we dont know which comes first, if one causes the other
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10
Q

What are the risk factors and prognosis associated with Pyelonephritis in cattle?

A
  • Calving: average of 82 days post calving will see clinical signs
  • Beef > Dairy
  • Multiparous > Uniparous
  • Post-partum infection: retained fetal membranes, calving difficulties, metritis, endometritis, poor perineal conformation (pooping into its own vulva)
  • Transmission: carrier bulls, catheterisation

Prognosis is guarded with ascending infections

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Pyelonephritis in cattle?

A
  • +/- fever
  • Sudden milk drop
  • Anorexia
  • Colic
  • Restlessness
  • Stranguria: back arching, grunting, vocalization, bruxism

+/- weight loss, reduced appetite, diarrhea

+/- pus or blood in urine after voiding

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12
Q

How can Pyelonephritis be diagnosed in cattle?

A
  • Rectal exam: enlarged kidneys, loss of lobulation, pain
  • Urinalysis: pus, blood +++, protein +++, pH 8 - 9, bacteria on smear with white cells and epithelial cells
  • Hematology + Biochemistry: anemia if chronic disease, leucocytosis + neutrophilia + increased TP +/- azotemia
  • Ultrasound

Note: if pus is found, examine where it is coming from, vulva, vagina or uterus

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13
Q

How can Pyelonephritis be treated in cattle?

A

Same as sheep:

  • Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxi-Clav for 14 - 21 days
  • Urine acidifiers: pH-dependent adherence of C.renale = Sodium acid phosphate 100g/day
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14
Q

What is the prognosis of cattle with Pyelonephritis ?

A

Guarded to poor

33% of patients will die

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15
Q

How can Pyelonephritis be prevented in other animals in the herd?

A
  • isolate affected cattle
  • remove and destroy bedding material
  • improved hygiene during calving and AI
  • Avoid dystocia
  • Consider bull as carrier
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16
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Cystitis in cattle ?

A
  • Increased frequency urination but small volumes
  • Stranguria

+/- small amounts of pus or blood

note: important to differentiate from pyelonephritis. Wont see depression, anorexia or weight loss in cystitis but you will in pyelonephritis

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17
Q

How can Cystitis be diagnosed in cattle ?

A
  • rectal exam: thickened bladder wall

- Ultrasound of bladder

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18
Q

How can Cystitis be treated in cattle ?

A
  • Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxi-Clav for 7 days
  • Urine acidifiers: pH-dependent adherence of C.renale = Sodium acid phosphate 100g/day
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19
Q

What is Enzootic Hematuria?

A

It is the most common result of bracken fern poisoning

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20
Q

How is Enzootic Hematuria characterized?

A

intermittent hematuria + anemia

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21
Q

At what time during the year is Enzootic Hematuria most commonly seen in cattle?

A
  • Late summer when other feed is scarce, or when animals are fed a hay containing bracken fern
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22
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Enzootic Hematuria?

A
  • Dull
  • Weight loss
  • Fever
  • Pale mm

intermittent blood in the urine and feces (carcinogenic link with papillomavirus where epithelial neoplasms grow on the bladder or GIT and occasionally bleed

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23
Q

What is the treatment for Enzootic Hematuria in cattle?

A
  • Blood transfusion may be considered in acute cases, but often not elected

Prognosis is poor

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24
Q

When can urethral rupture occur in the bovine?

A
  • Most commonly a complication of pressure necrosis from a lodged urolith
  • Iatrogenic: catheterization, urethral flushing or castration
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25
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with urethral rupture in bovines?

A
  • Edema
  • necrotic plaques of tissue which will slough off
  • anorexia
  • depressed
  • febrile
26
Q

What is the treatment involved for urethral rupture in cattle?

A
  • remove necrotic skin or lance to allow drainage of urine
  • perineal urethrotomy, removal of stone (if present) then repair urethra 10-15 days after trauma
  • addition of antibiotics and NSAIDs
27
Q

What animals are typically affected by Urolithiasis?

A
  • Feedlot bulls/ bullocks on high cereal rations
28
Q

What are the risk factors associated with urolithiasis in ruminants?

A
  • Nutritional etiology: animals fed high concentrates (high grain with low Ca:P ratios or a diet high in Mg)
  • Males castrated at an early age: urethra hasnt fully developed to full diameter
  • High mineral content in water
  • Restricted access to water
29
Q

What are the signs associated with Urolithiasis in cattle?

A
  • Repeated posture to urinate
  • Tail “pumps” as animal tries to urinate
  • Inappetance
  • restlessness/ vocalization
  • tail swishing
  • urine dripping
  • urethral rupture
  • urethral pulsation
  • uroperitoneum
30
Q

How can Urolithiasis be diagnosed in large animals?

A
  • History and clinical signs
  • Physical exam + palpation and rectal exam (in the adult bovine)
  • Ultrasound
  • Blood biochem
  • Abdominocentesis

note: cant usually pass a urinary catheter in ruminants due to the diverticulum, so theres no point in trying to find out if there is a blockage

31
Q

What are the differential diagnosis of Urolithiasis in cattle?

A
  • Penile hematoma
  • Poor burdizzo castration technique: accidentally crush urethra
  • Localized inflammation of urethra
  • Bladder rupture
32
Q

What are the most common types of uroliths found in ruminants?

A

1) Phosphate: struvite (Mg-ammonium phosphate) and Apatite (Ca-phosphate)
- -> smooth stones, seen in high concentrate diets

2) Silicate and Oxalate
- -> smooth or rough, seen in grazing animals

33
Q

Where in the urinary tract are uroliths more commonly to get stuck in cattle and small ruminants?

A

Cattle: distal aspect of the sigmoid flexure, near the insertion of the retractor penis muscle

Small ruminants: urethral process (vermiform appendage), and distal aspect of the sigmoid flexure

34
Q

What is the treatment for Urolithiasis in cattle?

A
  • perineal urethrostomy as a salvage procedure (more successful in sheep than cattle though). complications of this sx include: stricture and fistula formation
  • penile amputation done at the anterioventral curvature, then secure the urethra to the skin and widen. The distal penile tissue can be removed if necrotic
    note: medical treatment is generally considered to be less efficacious compared to surgical treatment
  • Analgesia
  • Correction of fluid/ electrolyte imbalances
  • Treatment/ prevention of inflammation/ infection
  • Use of smooth muscle relaxants: may aid passage of stones
  • Vesicular irrigation by cystocentesis
35
Q

How can Urolithiasis be prevented in ruminants?

A
  • Dietary modifications
  • Provide fresh, clean water at all times
  • Increase salt content of diet to entice water intake
  • Addition of ammonium chloride to the diet
  • Provide roughage in the diet
36
Q

What causes Bacillary Hemoglobinuria in cattle?

A

Clostridia hemolytica (soilborne)

37
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria in cattle?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Latent spores become lodged in the liver
  • REQUIRE: a locus of anaerobiosis in the liver e.g. fasciola hepatica
  • Spores will germinate and produce Beta toxin (phospholipase C)
  • Intravascular hemolysis resulting in hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria
38
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Bacillary Hemoglobinuria in cattle?

A
  • Dull and depressed
  • Fever with dark urine
  • Jaundice
39
Q

How can Bacillary Hemoglobinuria be diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical Signs

- PM: ischemic infarct in the liver, petechial haemorrhage in dark and friable kidneys with a purple-red stained bladder

40
Q

How can Bacillary Hemoglobinuria be prevented in cattle?

A
  • Vaccine (10 in 1 vx)

- Fluke control in affected areas

41
Q

What animals are most prone to developing Postparturient Hemoglobinuria?

A

Post partum high-producing multiparous dairy cows

42
Q

What are the signs/ disease processes of Postparturient Hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Intravascular hemolysis
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Anemia
  • Fever
  • Jaundice

+/- pica (possible link to hypophosphatemia)

43
Q

What is the prognosis of Postparturient Hemoglobinuria?

A

case fatality of 30%

44
Q

How can Postparturient Hemoglobinuria be treated?

A
  • Blood transfusion

+ Monosodium dihydrogen phosphate (60g in 300mL IV)

+ Oral treatment of sodium phosphate salts (200 - 300g q

45
Q

What causes Redwater/ Babesiosis in cattle?

A

Babesia divergens, carried by Ixodes ricinus

46
Q

When is the most common time of the year to see Redwater/ Babesiosis in cattle?

A
  • late spring/ summer and autumn = when ticks are most active
47
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Redwater/ Babesiosis in cattle?

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Anemia
  • Tachypnea
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Jaundice
48
Q

How can Redwater/ Babesiosis be diagnosed in cattle?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • History of rough grazing/ time of year
  • low PCV
49
Q

How can Redwater/ Babesiosis be treated in cattle?

A
  • Imidocarb (85mg/100kg) SC

Caution: must withold meat for 213 days

  • Blood transfusion 6-8 litres of whole blood
50
Q

How can Redwater/ Babesiosis be prevented in cattle?

A
  • Tick control (pyrethoids)
  • Improve grazing conditions
  • Chemoprophylaxis: Imidocarb 4 weeks protection (45mg/100kg) - MUST withold meat for 213 days
51
Q

What are the most common diseases of the Urinary Tract in Pigs?

A
  • Nephrosis/ Nephropathy: toxins from pigweed, mycotoxins, Ochratoxin A and citrinin
  • Petechial haemorrhage: bacterial and viral infections (Salmonella, Strep, E. rhusiopathiae, Actinobacillus, Classical Swine Fever and African Swine Fever
  • Urolithiasis
  • Hydronephrosis secondary to urolithiasis or trauma to the urethra
  • Pyelonephritis-Cystitis complex
  • Kidney Worm infection: Stephanurus dentatus
52
Q

What are the normal ranges for Urea and Creatinine in the pig?

A
  • Urea: 3.6 - 8.5 mmol/L

- Creatinine: 90 - 240 umol/L

53
Q

What is the etiology of Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex in Pigs?

A
  • Ascending infection from vagina and distal urethra
  • Significant mortality in sows
  • Isolates include: E.coli, T.pyogenes, Strep spp, Staph spp, Actinobaculum suis
54
Q

What are the risk factors associated with Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex in pigs?

A
  • Older sows
  • Water: reduced availability, reduced consumption of poor quality and high water pH
  • Fecal contamination of the perineum
  • Obesity
  • Lameness
  • Boar spreading bacteria from prepuce into vagina
55
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex in pigs?

A
  • Anorexia and lethargy
  • Hematuria
  • Pyuria
  • Stranguria
  • Strong/ Fetid odor
  • +/- fever
  • Alkaline urine (pH 8 - 9) with A.suis
56
Q

How can Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex be diagnosed in pigs?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Urinalysis: white and red cells, renal casts + bacteria + crystals
  • CBC and Biochem: Increased Urea
57
Q

What is the treatment for Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex in pigs?

A
  • Penicillin, ampicillin or amoxicillin for 7+ days
58
Q

How can Pyelonephritis-cystitis complex be prevented in pigs?

A
  • Improved Hygiene everywhere
  • Provide fresh, clean water
  • Loose house farrowing better than crates usually
59
Q

Is congenital or acquired patent urachus more common in the calf?

A

Acquired patent urachus: associated with an infection

60
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with a patent urachus in a calf?

A
  • persistently moist umbilicus after birth
  • urine leaking from the umbilicus
  • signs of systemic disease (septicemia, joint ill and pneumonia)
61
Q

How can a patent urachus be diagnosed in a calf?

A
  • Clinical sigs, exam and history

- Ultrasound

62
Q

What is the treatment for a patent urachus in a calf?

A

Dependent on whether there is infection or not:

  • No Infection: navel dip with 0.5% chlorhexidine 2-4x a day
  • Infection: broad spectrum antibiotics, and if urine leakage continues after 7 days of medical therapy then surgical exploration and resection of the urachus and umbilical vessels may be needed

Clinical Urology (8 decks)

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