Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Conditions Block 2 > Urinary Tract Diseases > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Urinary tract clinical signs

List

A 
Dysuria 
Hematuria 
Pyuria 
Polyuria/polydipsia 
Oliguria 
Anuria 
Inappropriate urination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficulty urinating
May be confused with constipation
Straining with small drops of urine
Straining to urinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine
May be microscopic
Flank blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in urine
Gives off foul smell
Associated with bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polyuria

Polydipsia

A 
Can indicate renal disease(kidney failure, UTI), endocrine disease (hyperthyroidism) 
Normal response to excessive drinking 
Certain medications (steroids/diurectics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What to ask for polyuria and polydipsia

A

Ask if they are cleaning liter box/if it’s more dirty
Ask if pet needs to go out more?
Accidents in house?
Needs to go during night? (Most pets need to hold bladder over night)
Filling up water more?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oliguria

A

Scant urine
Less urine than normal
Litter box cleaner, goes outside less
May see less urine at a time, smaller volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anuria

A 
No urine 
Emergency 
Longer goes on, likely bladder rupture 
Very painful, pets uncomfortable, try to go but can't 
Cry, vocalize, appear in distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inappropriate urination

A

Cry for help
Incontinence from behavioural/senility/liter box aversion
Common reason for owners to bring to clinic /euthanize
More common with cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why can inappropriate urinating be associated with old age

A

Forget where the liter box is (senile)
Going blind, harder to get downstairs to box
Hard time getting into box (arthritic)
Can’t hold urine in to make it to the box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is inappropriate urination associated with behavioural issues

A

Don’t like liter, box, location

Had bad experience in box (noise, other cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is inappropriate urination associated with spraying

A

Done on vertical surfaces

Normal marking for intact male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Incontinence

A

Common in spayed females
Wet bed, licking vulva excessively, staining of perineum
Can be due to lack of estrogen (hormone incontinence)
Dogs more than cats
When sleeping, relaxed, walking
Urine leaks out.
Age, lose “tone”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Weight loss

A

Non specific sign
Protein loss in urine
Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anorexia

A

High BUN (blood, urinary, nitrogen) causes appetite suppression
Feel nauseous, may vomit
Can develop sores in mouth (ulcers) that hinder appetite
General malaise, lethargy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Non specific sign
Blocked cat or dog will be very painful in abdomen
If unable to urinate, bladder will be very sore
Resents palpation of abdomen, may cry
Kidney infection can cause
Area of pain can localize problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anemia

A

Kidneys produce erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC
If kidney issue, less erythropoietin is produced
Find on CBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What equals number of RBC in blood

A

Hematocrit-HTC

Packed cell volume PVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ways to collect urine

A

Free catch
Catheter
Cystocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Free catch

A

Cheap
No stress on animal
Easily contaminated from environment or urethra (not great if culture needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to do a free catch with dogs

A

Use cup, bowl, ladle under urine stream while outside
Some dogs more shy, harder to catch
Low to ground dogs harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to do free catch with cats

A

Use empty liter box or none absorbable cat liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Scavenged free catch

A

Use syringe to draw up urine from floor, kennel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Catheter

A

Traumatic to urethra, difficult in female
Determines if blockage present
Used for bladder contrast radiographs
Increases risk of bladder infection
Useful only if small amount of urine present
Extra cost
Only used for male dogs (or anesthetized blocked cats)
Trauma or stress to pets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Placing a female catheter

A

Urinary opening inside vagina

Very difficult to place catheter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When is a catheter essential

A

Concern for blockage to flush urinary tract

If injecting contrast material into bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How to insert catheter

A 
Clean area
Wear gloves 
Place catheter with lube 
Remove first section of urine into another container 
Can do with C&S
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cystocentesis

A

Clean urine sample directly from bladder, quick
No trauma to urethra but can risk damage to bladder wall
May get contamination from RBC
Best for C&S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

5 things we can do with urine

A

1) visual exam
2) specific gravity
3) chemistry
4) sediment exam (cytology)
5) culture and sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Visual exam

A

Notes blood, cloudy, concentration
Look at urine and record appearance
Colour, clear/turbid, any debris, smells
Can see if light (dilute) or dark (concentrated)
Red/brown-blood
Normal-white/yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Specific gravity

A

Determine with refractometer
Gives specific gravity as it relates to water (1.000)
Urine is at higher end if dehydrated (to conserve water)
If concentrated, kidneys doing their job
If not, pet may have had large drink or not able to concentrate urine
Multiple samples to confirm problem
First morning sample best (more concentrated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What kidney crystals most commonly seen

A

Triple phosphate

CA Oxalate

33
Q

Normal dogs USG

A

1.020 to 1.040

34
Q

Cats urine USG

A

1.025 to 1.050

35
Q

Chemistry

A

Urine specific gravity
Stick test
Color chart determines pH, presence of blood, glucose, ketones, urobilnogen

36
Q

How to do chemistry test

A

Use pipette and drop urine on squares
Many people dip stick in urine samples
Place urine on and record after one minute

37
Q

Sediment exam (cytology)

A

Spin urine sample down in centrifuge, cytology (microscopic exam) of small pellet at bottom of tube that contains cells (RBC, WBC, kidney tubule cells, bladder lining cells, tumor cells)
Crystals, bacteria, debris, sperm in intact males

38
Q

Culture and Sensitivity

A

Detects bacteria in urine, goes to lab, several days for results
Gold standard for cystitis
Grows any bacteria and tests against various antibiotics
2-7 days up to 10
Often antibiotics given for cystitis but no actual infection
Use to test antibiotic sensitivity vs resistance

39
Q

What idiopathic disease can cats get

A

Idiopathic cystitis

40
Q

What urinary snap test can be used

A

To detect microscopic amounts of protein in urine

41
Q

Blood tests

A

CBC and chemistry

42
Q

CBC

A

Can see if anemia or lots of inflammation (more often if kidney/prostate issue rather than bladder)
Looks for injection

43
Q

Chemistry

A

Looks at BUN and creatine , enzymes from kidney

If elevated, could mean dehydrated or kidney disease/failure (depends on urine concentration)

44
Q

Imaging for urinary tract

A

Ultrasound (excellent for cystocentesis)
X-rays including contrast studies of both kidneys and bladder
Cystocentesis done blind or guided - useful for small bladders or fat pets (hard to feel)
Can see kidneys and bladder - try to avoid urination before X-ray or ultrasound

45
Q

Xray

A

See location and size of kidneys/bladder
Can see contrast to see urethra, ureters
Useful to check for congenital defects or infections

46
Q

Ultrasound

A

See internal structures of kidney, bladder

May see stones, cancer, kidney, degeneration

47
Q

Urinary treatments

A 
IV fluids 
SQ fluids 
Antibiotics 
Pain relief 
Surgery 
Estrogen 
Phenylpropanolamine
48
Q

IV fluids

A

Urinary system maintains hydration and PH of blood intravenous fluids and essential component of renal disease
Maintain hydration (or correct dehydration)
Flush urinary system
Rate/types of fluid depend on problem or vet preference
Depends on losing fluid (polyuria, diarrhea, vomit) and individual needs (size, other health issues
Correct ph balance of blood, electrolyte (salt) balance
More efficient than SQ fluids (absorb quicker)
Requires pet to stay in hospital
IV fluid rate= mls/kg/hr

49
Q

SQ fluids

A

Cheaper and easier to give
Not as well absorbed
PH levels can’t be corrected
Less sick out patients

50
Q

Antibiotics

A 
Potentially cystitis (maybe not cats) 
UTIs 
Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) 
Prostate infections 
First choice if they don't want C&S
51
Q

Problems with antibiotics

A

Upset normal flora

Resistance

52
Q

Antibiotic instructions

A

Finish full course
Stop if vomiting and diarrhea
Use probiotics
Storing/handling instructions

53
Q

Pain relief

A

NSAIDs can be toxic to kidneys (take care)
Keep pets comfortable and control pain
Blocked pets, pyelnephritis, cystitis, prostatitis, bladder stones

54
Q

Surgery

A

Remove stones from bladder and urethra - cystotomy
Tumor removal (kidneys and bladder)
Urethrostomies

55
Q

If stones in urethra

A

Push back to bladder
Place urinary catheter, open bladder, fish out stones
Flush well, X-ray after

56
Q

Scrotal urethrostomy

A

Dogs
New urethral opening
Made by scrotum so dog does not urinate through penis
Recurrent urinary blockage, penile trauma, tumors

57
Q

Estrogen

A

Incontinence in spayed female
Tightens urethral sphincter
Monitor CBC (bone marrow issues)
Use lowest effective dose

58
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

Safer drug for incontinence - expensive

Strengthens urethral sphincter

59
Q

Dialysis

A

Not commonly used (cost)

Special machine filters blood

60
Q

Diuresis

A

Common for pets

Extra fluids flush system

61
Q

Cystitis

A 
Caused by bacteria (dogs) female UTI 
Frequent, painful urination 
Diagnose: urinalysis 
Do C&S 
Easier for bacteria to crawl up vulva and reach bladder in females 
Frequent urination, drink more, blood 
Treat with antibiotics
62
Q

Bladder and urethral stones

A

Common in dogs
Diagnose with xrays and ultrasound
Dalmations/newfoundlands/schnauzers predisposed
Can cause blockage in bladder, kidneys , ureter, urethra
Treat infection and resolve with diet to increase ph and keep crystals in urine solution

63
Q

Calcium oxalate - small dogs

A

Diet, therapy to prevent or to remove
Lower urine ph, liver problems
Diet to flush out/dilute bladder and maintain urine ph

64
Q

Obstruction.

A

Stones lodge in urethra-emergency
Common in males (small tube)
Partial/total obstruction
Bladder may rupture

65
Q

Incontinence

A

Wet spot when lying down, unaware
Loss of voluntary control of urine
Hormonal (spayed females, decreased estrogen levels)
Treat with estrogen or phenylpropolamine

66
Q

Submissive incontinence

A

Stress induced/punished dogs/excitement
Puppies, get better with age
Sphincter loosens

67
Q

Neurotic incontinence

A

Nerve damage
Stroke, spinal injury and trauma, IVDD, tumor
May improve with time
Treat underlying cause

68
Q

FLUTD

A

Feline lower urinary tract disease
Dysuria , hematuria, inappropriate urination
Worst case scenario- cat gets obstructed
Struvite / calcium oxalate cause blockage
Young males

69
Q

Hyperplasia

A 
Prostate disease 
Intact males 
Press on rectum and cause constipation 
Diagnose with rectal exam 
Treat with castration
70
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate gland
Dog in pain, fever
Neuter/antibiotics/C&S

71
Q

Kidney disease congenital problems

A

Severe and bilateral is fatal
One kidney usually OK
Some breeds predisposed and have lumpy defective kidneys

72
Q

Poly cystic kidney disease

A 
Persian cats 
Inherited 
Fluid filled sacs fill up normal kidney tissue 
Screen before breeding 
Leads to fatal kidney failure
73
Q

Pyelnephritis (kidney infection)

A

Transferred to kidneys from bladder
Acute or chronic
Prolonged antibiotics after C&S and ultrasound
Anorexia, lethargic, pain, fever

74
Q

Kidney failure

A 
Can be acute or chronic 
Congenital 
Antifreeze 
Autoimmune disease 
Drugs (NSAIDs) 
Obstructions 
See build up of BUN and creative- can't filter blood of toxins 
pU and PD 
Treat underlying cause
75
Q

Acute kidney failure

A

Infection, trauma, drug, heart
IV fluids diuresis to flush out system
Antibiotics or remove drugs and stone
May become chronic if damage not reversible

76
Q

Chronic kidney failure

A

More common
Cats can live for years
Supportive care (diet, drugs, fluids)

77
Q

Toxicity

A

Antifreeze
Tastes sweet, common toxicity, often fatal
Toxic to kidneys, need to be seen ASAP
Liver breaks down antifreeze , byproduct damages kidneys
Causes acute renal failure
Lethargic, anorexic, vomit, seizures
D: blood work
T: iv fluids, supportive care, activated charcoal, ethanol

78
Q

Hypertension

A

Caused by kidney disease - kidneys and arteries narrow
High BP worsens kidney disease
Drugs to lower BP, no cure
Kidneys don’t receive nutrients/they weaken/sections die

Medical Conditions Block 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions