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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Swelling of testicles

A

Trauma , infection, tumor

Inguinal hernia / abdominal organ entering scrotum

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2
Q

Absence of testicles in scrotum

A

Cryptorchid : flanked/abdominal
Unilateral and bilateral
Know if pet is already neutered
May need to surgically search for testicles or test testosterone

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3
Q

Discharge from penis or vulva

A

Can also be from urinary
Can be normal (semen/blood)
Abnormal: blood, pus, mucus, watery

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4
Q

Vulvar swelling

A

Females/spayed
Normal during heat (in tact)
Trauma/inflammation/infection

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5
Q

Penis trapped outside of prepuce

A 
Paraphimosis 
Swells/trapped outside prepuce 
Goes back when pet relaxes 
If prolonged, gets stuck 
Sedate to relax 
Lubricate and use anti inflammatory 
Can stitch hole smaller so penis stays in
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6
Q

Swelling of abdomen

A

Pregnancy
Pyometra
Ovarian tumor
May or may not be painful

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7
Q

Licking genitalia excessively

A

Anus/penis/vulva
After urination/random
Remove signs of discharge
Itchy/irritated/cleaning (some licking normal)

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8
Q

Dystocia

A

Difficult giving birth
30-60 min active straining
Weakness of mother
Pup/kitten in canal for 10 minutes
Green discharge=broke placenta, kittens can suffocate
Queens can take 24 hour break, dogs can’t

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9
Q

Infertility

A 
Congenital 
Infection 
Trauma 
Ovarian cyst, endometrial, hyperplasia 
Hypothyroid, cushings, addisons
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10
Q

Constipation

A

Prostate enlarges with intact males (normal/infection/tumor
Press on colon, constipation occurs
Can be from pelvic trauma

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11
Q

Malaise

A

Fever
Anorexic
Abdominal pain

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12
Q

Different blood tests

A 
CBC 
Chemistry 
Relaxin 
Thyroid testing 
Sex hormone testing
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13
Q

CBC

A

Infections (increased WBC)

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14
Q

Chemistry

A

Checks other organs

Kidney, liver, protein, electrolytes

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15
Q

Relaxin blood test

A

Relaxin released from placenta
No release = pseudo pregnancy
22-27 days

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16
Q

Thyroid testing blood test

A

Test T4 and TSH

Hyper thyroid and hypothyroid

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17
Q

Sex hormone testing

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Testosterone

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18
Q

What can high levels of testosterone indicate

A

Cryptorchid

Hormone producing tumor

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19
Q

What can high estrogen in blood indicate

A

Hormone producing tumor

Incomplete spay

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20
Q

What can progesterone blood tests do

A

Predict ovulation in dogs 3-5 days into heat every 2-3 days
When progesterone is at 2.5ng/ml breeding can start
Then collect /ship semen sample

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21
Q

Natural breeding

A

Ideal time for insemination (5-7 days)

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22
Q

Artificial insemination with fresh chilled semen

A

48-72 hours

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23
Q

Artificial insemination with frozen semen

A

24 hours

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24
Q

Urinalysis

A

Free catch
Includes sediment from reproduction
Can show infection (usually in both systems)
Pyometra , prostatitis, trauma, cancer cells

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25
Q

3 ways to do prostate exam

A

Rectal palpation
Prostatic biopsy with ultrasound
Xray for prostate

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26
Q

Rectal palpation

A

Can feel prostate on rectal exam

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27
Q

Prostatic biopsy with ultrasound

A

Can see abscess

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28
Q

X-ray for prostate

A

Can see enlarged prostate

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29
Q

Semen evaluation

A 
# 
Viability of sperm 
Cytology 
Yellow/brown/red = contamination with urine/blood 
Test for brucellosis 
WBC/RBC- infection 
Steroids? Sick recently? Trauma? Cancer?
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30
Q

Vaginal cytology

A

Determines stage of estrous cycle

Use q tip to collect and smear on microscope

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31
Q

What cell types can be seen on vaginal cytology

A

Parabasal
Intermediate
Superficial

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32
Q

Culture and C/s

A

Bacteria present

Sensitivity to antibiotics

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33
Q

Radiographs

A

Pregnancy- 45 days to count fetuses
Tumors of reproduction tract
Dystocias- puppies lining up/too big

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34
Q

Ultrasound

A 
Pregnancy (movement/bladder) 
Dystocia/puppy distress 
Metritis (retains placenta / fetus) 
Pyometra (pus in uterus) 
Ovarian cysts
35
Q

Types of drugs that can be used

A

Antibiotics
Hormones
Pain meds

36
Q

Antibiotics

A 
Infection pyometra prostatitis spay and neuter 
Can cause resistance to antibiotics 
Upset normal flora (take probiotics) 
Gastroenteritis 
VD 
Check storage and handling instructions
37
Q

Hormones

A 
Treats infertility 
Prevent pregnancy (many side effects) 
No safe way to prevent and terminate dogs and cats
38
Q

Types of hormones

A 
Ovaban (megestral acetate) 
Abortion pill 
Steroids 
Prostaglandins 
Oxytocin
39
Q

Ovaban

A

Megestral acetate
Birth control, prevents pregnancy
SE: cancer, pyometra, diabetes (cats) Addison’s (dogs)
Used for breeding dogs but not recommended
Anti estrogen : suppresses heat cycles and adrenal glands

40
Q

Abortion pill 3 options

A

Prostaglandins
Estrogen
Steroids
No drug works great

41
Q

Estrogen

A

Fertilized egg can’t implant in uterus
Cancer risk and long term infertility
Pyometra, bone marrow suppression, cancer risk

42
Q

Steroids

A

Late stages of gestation

Pass dead fetuses (traumatic)

43
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Decrease progesterone levels which are needed to maintain pregnancy (support placenta)
Can cause pyometra
Safer than estrogen

44
Q

Oxytocin

A

Induce and stimulate uterine contractions
Milk production
Expel retained placenta
Not useful if puppy can’t fit

45
Q

Pain meds

A

NSAIDS

Narcotics

46
Q

Infertility males/females

A

Not common unless clinics have breeders as clients

Semen exam, vaginal cytology, hormone levels to diagnose

47
Q

False pregnancy

A 
Pseudo pregnancy 
Cats/dogs 
Following estrous 
Physical and behavioural changes 
Ultrasounds and blood test (relaxin) to diagnose
48
Q

3 ways to prevent pregnancy

A 
Ovariohysterectomy 
Orchidectomy (castration)
Vasectomy 
Chemical castration
Vasectomy
49
Q

Ovariohysterectomy

A 
Best way to avoid
Do at young age (less risk with surgery) 
Reduced mammary gland risk 
Spay or neuter after breeding finished 
Done if pyometra or hyperplasia
50
Q

When to avoid ovariohysterectomy

A 
During heat cycle (dogs) - large vessels and increased bleeding risk 
Old pets (long recovery time)
51
Q

Orchidectomy (castration)

A

Removal of testes

52
Q

Chemical restraint

A

Ovaban (bad side effects)
Neutersol injection at 3-10 months. Makes puppy infertile but still has testicular cancer/behavioural problem risks.
Shelter dogs, no anesthetic needed
Not on market

53
Q

Vasectomy

A

Catteries
Induces ovulation but postpones actual pregnancy
Brings cats out of heat
Tie off vas deferens

54
Q

Vaginitis

A

Discharge and licking
Puppies and older dogs (UTI/urine leakage/trauma)
Resolved with first estrus for puppies
Smear (wbc , bacteria) cytology and c and s

55
Q

Pyometra

A

Puss filled uterus (infection)
Suspected cause for in tact bitch that acts sick
Spay to remove infection
Can use antibiotics and prostaglandins

56
Q

Open cervix pyometra

A

Drains puss so they don’t appear ill

57
Q

Closed cervix pyometra

A

Treat with ovariohysterectomy
Antibiotics (risky)
No vulvar discharge, more serious

58
Q

Cancer

A 
Uncommon in spayed dogs 
Not spayed : vaginal, uterine, ovarian cancers 
Mammary gland cancers 
Remove ovaries and uterus if tumors 
May need chemo
59
Q

Mammary cancer

A

Spay/remove mammary mass(s) in same surgery
Estrogen continues to stimulate tumor growth
Remove multiple masses , whole gland, whole chain

60
Q

Diseases of pregnancy

A 
Dystocia 
Prolonged and difficult labor 
Physical blockage/urinary inertia 
C section / sometimes use oxytocin 
Remove full uterus and tie off 
Brachyceohalic and Toy breeds
61
Q

Postpartum diseases

A 
Metritis 
Mastitis 
Milk fever (enclampsia) 
Agalactia 
Maternal neglect
62
Q

Metritis

A 
Inflammation of uterus (infection).
Very sick, vaginal discharge 
Common with pyometra 
Puss in uterus (maybe) open / closed 
Retained placenta/fetus
63
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of one or more mammary glands
Infection
Sharp claws/teeth penetrating skin (puppies)
Surgery to remove tissue
Antibiotics, iv fluids, hospitalization

64
Q

Milk fever (enclampsia)

A 
Hypocalcemia 
Lack of calcium 
Butch restless/anxious 
Calcium needed for muscle contractions 
IV calcium, remove pups (supplement)
65
Q

Agalactia

A

Does not produce enough milk
Pups always hungry and not gaining weight
Inadequate diet/large liter
Supplement milk or improve diet

66
Q

Congenital problems of puppies and kittens

A

Swimmers
Cleft palate
Hernias

67
Q

Swimmers

A

Weak muscles in hind legs
Unable to stand/walk
Most recover
Place on rough surfaces/kept at ideal weight

68
Q

Cleft palate

A

Difficulty nursing/not gaining weight
Cough when drinking
Feed with tube until old enough to repair (3-4 months)
Inherited, brachycephalic; don’t breed

69
Q

Hernias

A 
Hereditary; seen at birth 
Trauma, umbilicus, whelping 
Hiatal hernia 
Inguinal hernia 
Umbilical hernia
70
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Stomach moves into and out of diaphragm
Need surgical corrections
Mild-antacids and bland diet

71
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Typically fat

Surgical repair

72
Q

Maternal problems

A

Poor nutrition of mother
Inadequate vaccinations
Puppies may be unhealthy / not growing well
At risk of infectious disease: no antibodies in colostrum
May need to hand raise

73
Q

Infectious problems

A

Umbilical infections
Septicemia
Poor sanitation
Bacterial/viral/ parasitic

74
Q

Husbandry problems

A

Follow temperature guidelines
Keep clean, remove towels/pee pads/let dam outside for bathroom
Minimize socialization with strangers
Quiet area

75
Q

Raising puppies and kittens by hand

A

Warmth
Weights
Food

76
Q

Warmth

A

Incubators

Accurate thermometers

77
Q

Weights

A

Have charts/accurate weights/ calorie calculator

78
Q

Food

A

Proper formula

Not cow- only if you add egg / oil/ vitamins

79
Q

Feeding method

A

Bottle , tube feeding, accurate weight

80
Q

Bottle

A

Use bottle if they can suckle
Pet or doll bottle
Large enough Hoke foe milk, not too fast
Hold pup or kitten in stern (less chance of aspiration)

81
Q

Feeding tube in esophagus

A 
If they can't suckle 
Watch foe coughing 
Give water, watch for coughing 
Once in esophagus, syringe milk in
Syringing without tube in place increases chance of aspiration
82
Q

Feeding amount

A

Need weight to determine how much to feed
Split daily amount into 4-6 feedings (healthy)
6-8 (unhealthy)
Warm milk to body temperature
Liquid or mix with water (powder)

83
Q

Elimination

A

Genitals/ants swabbed gently to stimulate urination and defecation

Medical Conditions Block 2 (5 decks)

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