Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ABDOMEN REVIEW > Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

outer renal parenchyma
(normal is > 1 cm)
E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the renal medullary?

A

inner portion of kidney from base of pyramids to center of kidney
E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

inner hyperechoic portion of kidney

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the medullary pyramids?

A

anechoic triangles of collecting tubules between cortex and renal sinus
E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-shaped transition from major calyces to the ureter

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the renal hilum?

A

medial opening for entry/exit of artery, vein, and ureter

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the major calyces?

A

3 extensions for the renal pelvis

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the minor calyces?

A

extensions of the major calyces that collect urine from medullary pyramids
E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the renal papilla?

A

apex of medullary pyramids

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Gerota’s fascia?

A

fibrous sheath enclosing kidney and adrenal glands
also called perirenal space
E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a nephron?

A

functional unit of a kidney

E 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Through which arteries is the kidney supplied with blood?

A 
Main renal
Segmental
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular
E 80
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What complications can be seen with congenital abnormalities of the kidneys?

A

impaired renal function
infection
calculus formation
E 81

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the most common ectopic kidney located?

A

pelvis

E 81

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

1 large U-shaped kidney lying in the lower abdomen

E 81

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a dromedary hump?

A

common variant of cortical thickening on the lateral aspect of the kidney
E 82

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a junctional parenchymal defect?

A

triangular hyperechoic area on the anterior aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney
E 82

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a duplex kidney?

A

duplicated collecting systems
appears as a central cortical break w/in the sinus
either complete - 2 ureters or incomplete - 1 ureter
E 83

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a column of Bertin?

A

normal variation of prominent renal cortical parenchyma located between 2 medullary pyramids
E 83

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is someone able to live with renal agenesis?

A

not bilateral, but unilateral agenesis does not necessarily affect your life
E 83

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What associations can be seen with unilateral renal agenesis?

A 
VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiovascular anomalies
TE tracheoesophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb defects
E 83
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an extrarenal pelvis?

A

renal pelvis lying outside the renal sinus
appears as a cystic collection at the hilum
E 84

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is posterior urethral valve?

A

urinary obstruction in male neonates
sonographically: large bladder, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, “key-hole bladder”
E 84

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is a parapelvic cyst located?

A

cortical cyst bulging into the central sinus

E 85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is a peripelvic cyst located?

A

within the central sinus

E 85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is a parenchymal cyst located?

A

around the periphery

E 85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are atypical/malignant characteristics of renal cysts?

A

multiple septations
calcifications
solid components
E 86

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the characteristics of autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease?

A 
seen as early as 20-30 years of age
bilateral renal enlargement
numerous cysts
associated cysts within liver, pancreas, and spleen
E 86
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is concerning about autosomal dominant adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

destruction of residual renal tissue can lead to renal failure and HTN
E 86

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of autosomal recessive infantile polycystic kidney disease?

A

bilateral renal enlargement
hyperechoic parenchyma
loss of cortical medullary distinction
E 87

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is concerning about autosomal recessive infantile polycystic kidney disease?

A 
renal dysfunction
pulmonary hypoplasia
congenital hepatic fibrosis
portal hypertension
E 87
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in newborns?

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney

E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)?

A

renal dysplasia characterized by multiple noncommunicating cysts with the absence of renal parenchyma
typically unilateral
E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is MCDK caused by?

A

results from atresia of the UPJ during fetal development

E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Will MCDK change after the fetus is born?

A

It can stay the same
increase in size
or undergo spontaneous involution (shrink)
E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What syndromes is MCDK seen with?

A

Beckwith-Wiedemann
Trisomy 18
VACTERL
E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a ureteropelvic junction obstruction caused by?

A

ureteral hypoplasia
high insertion of ureter into renal pelvis
compression by segmental artery
E 88

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What anomalies are associated with UPJ obstruction?

A 
MCDK
contralateral renal agenesis
duplicated collecting systems
horseshoe kidney
ectopic kidney
E 88
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of medullary sponge kidney?

A

hyperechoic medullary pyramids

E 89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What causes medullary sponge kidney?

A

dilatation of medullary pyramids due to tubular ectasia or dysplasia. calcium collects here and appear hyperechoic
E 89

41
Q

Why would someone develop acquired cystic disease?

A

long-term hemodialysis can lead to multiple cysts in the failed kidneys
E 89

42
Q

What can occur to the kidneys in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?

A

renal cysts

E 89

43
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of an angiomyolipoma?

A

hyperechoic tumor

E 90

44
Q

In a patient with tuberous sclerosis, what might you see in the kidneys?

A

renal cysts
bilateral angiomyolipomas
E 90

45
Q

What is the most common solid renal mass in the adult?

A

renal cell carcinoma

E 91

46
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of renal cell carcinoma?

A

hypoechoic mass

E 91

47
Q

What are the most common symptoms with RCC?

A 
hematuria
flank pain
weight loss
flank mass
fever
hypertension
hypercalcemia
E 91
48
Q

What is the most common childhood renal tumor?

A

Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)

E 92

49
Q

What are clinical indicators for Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma)?

A 
abdominal mass
hypertension
fever
hematuria
E 92
50
Q

What sonographic characteristic will help determine Wilm’s tumor?

A

destruction of renal parenchyma

E 92

51
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of acute pyelonephritis?

A

renal enlargement
hypoechoic parenchyma
absence of sinus echoes
E 93

52
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis?

A

renal infection caused typically by bacteria from the intestinal tract
E 93

53
Q

What is emphysematous pyelonephritis?

A

bacterial infection seen in diabetics and immunosuppressed patients associated with renal ischemia
E 93

54
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of emphysematous pyelonephritis?

A

gas with reverberations and comet-tail artifact

E 93

55
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of chronic pyelonephritis?

A

small
hyperechoic
cortical thinning
E 94

56
Q

What can chronic pyelonephritis lead to?

A

end-stage renal disease

E94

57
Q

What is a staghorn calculus?

A

results from chronic infection
large stone filling an entire renal pelvis
E 94

58
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of pyonephrosis?

A

hyperechoic debris in a dilated renal collecting system

E 95

59
Q

What is mycetoma?

A

aka fungal ball
most common renal fungal disease
E 95

60
Q

What are the sonographic characteristics of mycetoma?

A

hyperechoic nonshadowing masses

E 95

61
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A

abrupt decline in renal function
decreased urinary output
elevated BUN and creatinine
E 96

62
Q

What is ultrasound’s role in diagnosing acute kidney injury?

A

hydronephrosis, which indicates postrenal failure
abnormal resistive index, which suggests intrinsic factor
E 96

63
Q

What are the sonographic findings of renal vein thrombosis?

A 
dilated thrombosed renal vein
absent intrarenal venous flow
enlarged hypoechoic kidney
increased RI
E 97
64
Q

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury?

A

acute tubular necrosis

E 98

65
Q

What are the sonographic findings of acute tubular necrosis?

A

renal enlargement
increased RI
E 98

66
Q

What causes acute tubular necrosis?

A

prolonged drug or contrast agents damage the nephron, leading to acute renal failure
E 98

67
Q

If hydronephrosis is left untreated, what can it lead to?

A

HTN
loss of renal function
sepsis
E 99

68
Q

What are the most common causes of hydronephrosis?

A 
calculi
benign prostate hypertrophy
pelvic malignancies
pregnancy
UPJ obstruction
E 99
69
Q

What are the most common causes for newborn hydronephrosis?

A

vesicoureteral reflux
non-obstructive hydro
UPJ obstruction most common
E 99

70
Q

In newborns and prenatal patients, bilateral hydronephrosis can suggest what?

A

obstructive process such as ureterocele or posterior urethral valves
E 100

71
Q

What is a megaureter?

A

ureter > 7mm in diameter

E 101

72
Q

What are the symptoms seen with nephrolithiasis?

A 
back or flank pain
fever
dysuria
cloudy urine
hematuria
E 102
73
Q

What are the sonographic findings of papillary necrosis?

A

echogenic material in the collecting system
triangular, cystic collections representing the absence of the pyramids
bright echoes around the periphery of the pyramids
E 103

74
Q

How does renal sinus lipomatosis appear sonographically?

A

increase in the central sinus
cortical thinning
E 103

75
Q

What is normal bladder wall thickness in both a distended and nondistended bladder?

A

distended: < 3mm
nondistended: < 5mm
E 104

76
Q

What is a bladder diverticula?

A

herniations of the bladder mucosa through the bladder wall

E 104

77
Q

What is the most common cause for bladder diverticula?

A

benign prostate hypertrophy

E 104

78
Q

How does a urachal cyst appear sonographically?

A

cystic structure superior and anterior to the bladder

E 104

79
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

trigone

E 104

80
Q

What is a ureterocele?

A

cyst like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter the projects into the bladder
E 105

81
Q

What is the most common association with ureteroceles?

A

complete ureteral duplication

E 105

82
Q

What is the most common bladder neoplasm?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

E 105

83
Q

What are the sonographic findings of transitional cell carcinoma?

A

solid mass of focal thickening of the wall
hydronephrosis can result from the mass
E 105

84
Q

Is normal renal vascular flow high or low resistance?

A

low resistance

E 106

85
Q

What can the resistive index help evaluate?

A

renal transplant rejection
access hydronephrosis
evaluate medical renal disease
E 106

86
Q

How is RI calculated?

A

(peak systolic freq. - end diastolic freq.) / peak systolic freq.
E 106

87
Q

What is a normal RI?

A

< 0.7

E 106

88
Q

What are symptoms of renal artery stenosis?

A

sudden onset or uncontrollable HTN

E 107

89
Q

What ratio can indicate renal artery stenosis?

A

Renal artery / aorta ratio (RAR) > 3.5

E 107

90
Q

What waveform is defined as a small slow pulse?

A

Parvus tardus

E 107

91
Q

What is the most common disease leading to kidney transplantation?

A

diabetes

E 108

92
Q

Which kidney is typically harvested for transplant?

A

left, because it has a longer renal vein

E 108

93
Q

What are post-transplant complications?

A

fluid collections- hematomas. urinomas, lymphoceles, and abscesses
renal artery kinking
renal vein thrombosis
E 108

94
Q

What are the sonographic findings of acute transplant rejection?

A 
renal enlargement
decreased echogenicity
loss of cortical medullary boundary
increased RI
E 108
95
Q

What is a normal RI for a transplant kidney?

A

< 0.7

E 109

96
Q

What is the most common neonatal abdominal mass?

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney

E 110

97
Q

What is the most common neonatal adrenal mass?

A

adrenal hemorrhage

E 110

98
Q

What is the most common childhood adrenal mass?

A

neuroblastoma

E 110

99
Q

What is the most common childhood renal mass?

A

Wilm’s tumor

E 110

ABDOMEN REVIEW (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions