Scrotum Flashcards
What is the fibrous capsule surrounding the testicle?
tunica albuginea
E 112
What does the mediastinum testis appear as sonographically?
echogenic linear band extending longitudinally within the testis
E 112
What is the rete testis?
network of delicate tubules located at the mediastinum testis that carries sperm to the epididymis
E 113
What is the appendix testis?
remnant of the Mullerian duct, small ovoid structure located beneath the head of the epididymis
E 113
What is the appendix epididymis?
derived from the Wolffian duct, small stalk projecting off the epididymis
E 113
What is the tunica vaginalis?
saccular extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal sac
visceral layer is the inner layer surrounds testis and epididymis
parietal layer is the outer layer lines scrotal chamber
E 114
What is consisted in the spermatic cord?
vas deferens arteries-testicular, deferential, and cremasteric pampiniform plexus of veins lymphatics nerves E 114
What age group is the most common for malignant testicular neoplasms?
15-35 years
E 115
What is the most common testicular cancer?
seminoma
E 115
What are the risk factors for testicular neoplasm?
cryptorchidism family hx infertility Klinefelter syndrome Down syndrome smoking white race E 115
What should be evaluated if a testicular mass is seen?
lymph nodes in the paraaortic region
lab values - hCG, AFP, LDH
E 115
What lab value may be elevated in a nonseminoma?
AFP
E 116
What lab value may be elevated in both seminomas and nonseminomas?
beta-hCG
E 116
What is the most common testicular tumor in children?
yolk sac tumors aka endodermal sinus tumor
E 116
What lab value may be elevated in yolk sac tumors?
AFP
E 116
What age groups are affected by Leydig Cell tumors?
5-10 years of age
30-60 years of age
E 117
Why can Leydif cell tumors cause early puberty?
secrete testosterone
E 117
Where do intratesticular cysts typically develop?
near the mediastinum testis
E 118
How do testicular abcesses present on ultrasound?
enlarged testicle containing a predominantly fluid-filled mass with mixed echogenic areas
E 118
What is another term for a scrotal calcification?
scrotal pearl
E 119
How does a testicular infarct appear on ultrasound?
triangular shaped avascular intratesticular lesion
initially diffusely hypoechoic, with time it develops areas of calcifications
E 119
Between which layers does a hydrocele form?
between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis
E 120
What is a varicocele?
dilatation of the testicular veins
E 121
Which side is it more common to have a varicocele?
left (90%) due to the longer length to the vein to reach the left renal vein
E 121
What happens when a valsalva maneuver is performed during a scrotal ultrasound?
a varicocele will distend
E 121
What are varicoceles associated with?
aching pain after standing for a long time or heavy lifting
infertility
E 121
What is a scrotal hernia?
bowel protruding through the inguinal canal into the tunica vaginalis
E 122
What confirms the diagnosis of a scrotal hernia?
bowel peristalsis
E 122
What is the most common extratesticular tumor?
adenomatoid tumor
E 122
What is a spermatocele?
cystic masses of the epididymal tubules
aka epididymal cyst
E 123
What is the most common reason for acute scrotal pain?
epididymitis
E 124
What are the sonographic findings of epididymitis?
enlarged hypoechoic epididymis increased vascularity hydrocele, possible scrotal wall thickening E 124
What are the sonographic findings of orchitis?
enlarged hypoechoic testicle
increased vascularity
E 124
What are the sonographic findings of testicular torsion?
no vascularity
enlarged and hypoechoic after several hours
E 125
What is another name for undescended testicle?
cryptorchidism
E 126
What are complications with cryptorchidism?
infertility
cancer
E 126
Where is the most common location for an undescended testicle?
inguinal canal
W 126
