Urinary System part 2 Flashcards
Where does the proximal convoluted tubule start in the glomerulus?
urinary pole
The proximal convoluted tubule is where _______ % of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed.
70%
majority
What does the proximal convoluted tubule turn into in the medulla/medullary ray?
loop of henle
The loop of henle is continuous with what in the cortex?
proximal convoluted tubule
What tube in the kidney travels from the cortex into the medulla and the back to the cortex?
loop of henle
What does the loop of henle empty into?
distal convoluted tubule
What structure in the kidney has a hair-pin turn structure?
loop of henle
What are the four segments of the loop of henle?
- pars recta (thick descending)
- thin descending
- thin ascending
- thick ascending
What type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the loop of henle?
simple cuboidal
What type of epithelium is in the thin segments of the loop of henle?
simple squamous
What is the name of the capillary loops that run parallel to loops of henle?
vasa recta
The loop of henle creates high osmotic pressure in the renal medulla via ______________________________
counter-current multiplier system
Thin limbs of the loop of henle are long in what type of nephron?
juxtamedullary
Thin limbs of the loop of henle are short in what type of nephron?
cortical nephrons
What segment of the loop of henle has a brush border of apical microvilli?
pars recta (thick descending)
The countercurrent multiplier uses ____ pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of henle.
Na-K pumps
What are the extracellular conditions and what is being resorped during the countercurrent multiplier?
high extracellular Na
water resorption by PCT
high extracellular Na + water resorption by PCT =
cortico-medullary interstitial gradient
What type of urine results from the countercurrent multiplier?
hypertonic urine
What does the vasa recta arise from?
efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons
What nephrons are the vasa recta associated with?
Both cortical and juxtamedullary
What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle continuous with?
distal convoluted tubule
Where is the distal convoluted tubule found in the kidney?
cortex
What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?
simple cuboidal
What does the distal convoluted tubule lack when compared to the proximal?
brush border
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
- active resorption of Na and Cl
- secretion of H and K ions
What two cells controll the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
- principle cells
- intercalated cells
What is the function of principle cells on the distal convoluted tubule?
resorb Na and water
secrete K
What is the function of the intercalated cells on the distal convoluted tubule?
mediate H+ and HCO3+
secretion of Cl and K
What hormone controls the distal convoluted tubule?
aldosterone
What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
- macular densa
- juxtaglomerular cells
- extraglomerular mesangial cells
What are the characteristics of juxtaglomerular apparatuses (apparatusussies?) (apparati)?
- specalized areas of afferent arterioles and distal covoluted tubules
- baroreceptor and chemoreceptor
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
regulates systemic blood pressure via renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (RAAS)
What are the characteristics of the macula densa?
- thick region on one side of distal convoluted tubule
- densly packed cuboidal/columnar cells
- chemoreceptor (Na)
- decrease in BP -> decrease filtrate -> decrease Na
What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular cells?
- modified smooth muscle cells
- in the wall of afferent arterioles
- baroreceptors (changes in bp)
- produce renin
- converts angiotensinogen and angiotensin II
What are the characterisitics of extraglomerular mesangial cells?
- flattened cells
- surround afferent and efferent arterioles
- assist in tubular glomerular feedback
What regulates juxtaglomerular function by monitoring Na and Cl levels?
Macular densa
What does angiotensin cause?
suprarenal glands secrete aldosterone
What does aldosterone do?
increase blood pressure
What does renin do?
convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
What does ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) do?
covert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
What do ACE inhibitors prevent?
- prevents angiotensin II formation
- stops blood pressure from raising
Collecting tubules receive isotonic urine from _______________________
distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts recieve isotonic urine from _________________
collecting tubules
The collecting ducts open at the papilla into what?
minor calyx
The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules and ducts are…
cuboidal to colunnar
What are ADH and vasopressin?
antidiuretic hormones
What mutation is linked to congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
AQP-2
What does ADH cause?
water is lost from collecting duct (hypertonic urine)
What happens with no ADH?
ducts remain impermeable to water
What is the path from kidney out of the body?
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra
What epithelium is the ureter made of?
transitional epithelium
What is the urinary bladder lines by?
urothelium
What does the surface layer of the urinary bladder have?
balloon cells linked by desmosomes and tight junctions
