Urinary System part 2

Question 1

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule start in the glomerulus?

Answer 1

urinary pole

Question 2

The proximal convoluted tubule is where _______ % of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed.

Answer 2

70%
majority

Question 3

What does the proximal convoluted tubule turn into in the medulla/medullary ray?

Answer 3

loop of henle

Question 4

The loop of henle is continuous with what in the cortex?

Answer 4

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 5

What tube in the kidney travels from the cortex into the medulla and the back to the cortex?

Answer 5

loop of henle

Question 6

What does the loop of henle empty into?

Answer 6

distal convoluted tubule

Question 7

What structure in the kidney has a hair-pin turn structure?

Answer 7

loop of henle

Question 8

What are the four segments of the loop of henle?

Answer 8

• pars recta (thick descending)
• thin descending
• thin ascending
• thick ascending

Question 9

What type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the loop of henle?

Answer 9

simple cuboidal

Question 10

What type of epithelium is in the thin segments of the loop of henle?

Answer 10

simple squamous

Question 11

What is the name of the capillary loops that run parallel to loops of henle?

Answer 11

vasa recta

Question 12

The loop of henle creates high osmotic pressure in the renal medulla via ______________________________

Answer 12

counter-current multiplier system

Question 13

Thin limbs of the loop of henle are long in what type of nephron?

Answer 13

juxtamedullary

Question 14

Thin limbs of the loop of henle are short in what type of nephron?

Answer 14

cortical nephrons

Question 15

What segment of the loop of henle has a brush border of apical microvilli?

Answer 15

pars recta (thick descending)

Question 16

The countercurrent multiplier uses ____ pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of henle.

Answer 16

Na-K pumps

Question 17

What are the extracellular conditions and what is being resorped during the countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 17

high extracellular Na
water resorption by PCT

Question 18

high extracellular Na + water resorption by PCT =

Answer 18

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

Question 19

What type of urine results from the countercurrent multiplier?

Answer 19

hypertonic urine

Question 20

What does the vasa recta arise from?

Answer 20

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 21

What nephrons are the vasa recta associated with?

Answer 21

Both cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 22

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle continuous with?

Answer 22

distal convoluted tubule

Question 23

Where is the distal convoluted tubule found in the kidney?

Answer 23

cortex

Question 24

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 24

simple cuboidal

Question 25

What does the distal convoluted tubule lack when compared to the proximal?

Answer 25

brush border

Question 26

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 26

- active resorption of Na and Cl - secretion of H and K ions

Question 27

What two cells controll the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 27

- principle cells - intercalated cells

Question 28

What is the function of principle cells on the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 28

resorb Na and water secrete K

Question 29

What is the function of the intercalated cells on the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 29

mediate H+ and HCO3+ secretion of Cl and K

Question 30

What hormone controls the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 30

aldosterone

Question 31

What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 31

- macular densa - juxtaglomerular cells - extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 32

What are the characteristics of juxtaglomerular apparatuses (apparatusussies?) (apparati)?

Answer 32

- specalized areas of afferent arterioles and distal covoluted tubules - baroreceptor and chemoreceptor

Question 33

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 33

regulates systemic blood pressure via renin-angiotension-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 34

What are the characteristics of the macula densa?

Answer 34

- thick region on one side of distal convoluted tubule - densly packed cuboidal/columnar cells - chemoreceptor (Na) - decrease in BP -> decrease filtrate -> decrease Na

Question 35

What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 35

- modified smooth muscle cells - in the wall of afferent arterioles - baroreceptors (changes in bp) - produce renin - converts angiotensinogen and angiotensin II

Question 36

What are the characterisitics of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Answer 36

- flattened cells - surround afferent and efferent arterioles - assist in tubular glomerular feedback

Question 37

What regulates juxtaglomerular function by monitoring Na and Cl levels?

Answer 37

Macular densa

Question 38

What does angiotensin cause?

Answer 38

suprarenal glands secrete aldosterone

Question 39

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 39

increase blood pressure

Question 40

What does renin do?

Answer 40

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin II

Question 41

What does ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) do?

Answer 41

covert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 42

What do ACE inhibitors prevent?

Answer 42

- prevents angiotensin II formation - stops blood pressure from raising

Question 43

Collecting tubules receive isotonic urine from _______________________

Answer 43

distal convoluted tubule

Question 44

Collecting ducts recieve isotonic urine from _________________

Answer 44

collecting tubules

Question 45

The collecting ducts open at the papilla into what?

Answer 45

minor calyx

Question 46

The epithelial cells of the collecting tubules and ducts are...

Answer 46

cuboidal to colunnar

Question 47

What are ADH and vasopressin?

Answer 47

antidiuretic hormones

Question 48

What mutation is linked to congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 48

AQP-2

Question 49

What does ADH cause?

Answer 49

water is lost from collecting duct (hypertonic urine)

Question 50

What happens with no ADH?

Answer 50

ducts remain impermeable to water

Question 51

What is the path from kidney out of the body?

Answer 51

minor calyces major calyces renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra

Question 52

What epithelium is the ureter made of?

Answer 52

transitional epithelium

Question 53

What is the urinary bladder lines by?

Answer 53

urothelium

Question 54

What does the surface layer of the urinary bladder have?

Answer 54

balloon cells linked by desmosomes and tight junctions