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Histology Lecture 3 > Endocrine part 1 - Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal > Flashcards

Endocrine part 1 - Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

communicates via chemical messengers (hormones) and are carried by bloodstream to target tissue

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

A
  • made of secretory cells of epithelial origin
  • lakcs ducts
  • secretes hormones into bloodsteam
  • possess rich blood supply
  • slower onset and longer duration
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3
Q

What type of capillary networks does the endocrine system have?

A

fenestrated

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4
Q

What endocrine organ coordinates endocrine functions of the body and acts as an intermediary between ANS and endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Most endocrine glands form _______ organs

A

discreet

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6
Q

The pituitary is suspended by a stalk from what organ?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

Where does the pituitary rest?

A

in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

What is the pituitary posterior to?

A

optic chiasm (CN II)

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary?

A
  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior)
  2. Neurohypophysis (posterior)
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10
Q

What is the median eminence a part of?

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the infundibulum (pituitary stalk) part of?

A

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis; pars nervosa)

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12
Q

What part of the pituitary is the pars tuberalis from?

A

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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13
Q

What part of the pituitary is the pars distalis from?

A

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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14
Q

What allows communication from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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15
Q

What controls the secretion of pituitary hormones?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

What part of the pituitary is the secondary capillary plexus located?

A

anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

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17
Q

What hormones have a non-endocrine target organ?

A
  • direct acting hormones

ex:
growth hormone (GH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
oxytocin
prolactin

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18
Q

What hormones have a target organ that is another endocrine organ?

A
  • trophic hormones

ex:
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)

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19
Q

What organs are pituitary-dependent endocrine glands?

A

thyroid gland
adrenal cortex
gonads

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20
Q

What does the anterior part of the pituitary contain (from development)?

A

glandular epithelial tissue (from oral cavity)

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21
Q

What does the posterior part of the pituitary contain (from development)?

A

neural secretory tissue

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22
Q

What is considered the master gland?

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis; pars distalis)

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23
Q

Where does the specialized glandular tissue of the anterior pituitary arise from?

A

oral cavity in the pharynx called rathke’s pouch

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary from rathke’s pouch?

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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25
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary makes up the bulk of it?

A

pars distalis

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26
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary is the thin layer between anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

pars intermedia

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27
Q

What does pars intermedia secrete?

A

MSH and ACTH

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28
Q

What does the pars intermedia sometimes contain?

A

cystic remnants of rathke’s pouch

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29
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary is an extension of it that forms the collar or pituitary stalk (infundibulum)?

A

pars tuberalis

30
Q

What hormones does the pars distalis secrete?

A
  • bulk of them

direct
- GH
- prolactin
trophic
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH

31
Q

What are the two types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

chromophils (stain)
- acidophils
- basophils
chromophobes (don’t stain; inactive)

32
Q

What are the two types of acidophils?

A

somatotrophs (50%)
mammotrophs (20%)

33
Q

What are the three types of basophils?

A

thyrotrophs (5%)
gonadotrophs (5%)
corticotrophs (20%)

34
Q

What type of chromophil secretes growth hormone?

A

somatotrophs

35
Q

Somatotrophs are regulated by…
releasing =
inhibiting =

A

releasing = GHRH
inhibiting = Somatostatin (GHIH)

36
Q

What type of chromophil secretes prolactin?

A

mammotrophs

37
Q

Mammotrophs are regulated by…
releasing =
inhibiting =

A

releasing = PRH
inhibiting = dopamine

38
Q

What type of chromophil secretes TSH?

A

thyrotrophs

39
Q

What type of chromophil secretes FSH and LH?

A

gonadotrophs

40
Q

What type of chromophil secretes ACTH, MSH, LPH, and endorphins?

A

corticotrophs

41
Q

What causes pituitary gigantism?

A
  • excessive production of growth homone
  • loss of feedback control or GH-secreting tumor
42
Q

What are the symptoms of pituitary gigantism?

A
  • skeletal growth
  • internal organ growth
  • acromegaly
  • growth of face (prognathism)
  • increase in viscera
  • blood glucose managment issues
  • death due to heart disease or diabetes
43
Q

What causes pituitary dwarfism?

A
  • hereditary and metabolic disorders (insufficient growth hormone)
44
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A
  • stimulates initiation and maintenance of milk production
  • inhibits pulsatile secrete of GnRH (suppresses secretion of FSH and LH)
45
Q

What does a pituitary macroadenoma cause?

A
  • impinge optic chiasm (bitemporal hemianopsia)
  • erode sella turcica
  • increase intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting)
46
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A
  • stimulates ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion (females)
  • production of androge binding protein by sertoli cell (males)
47
Q

What is the function of lutenizing hormone (LH)?

A
  • helps control the menstrual cycle (release the egg)
48
Q

What is the funciton of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize, store, and release thyroid hormones

49
Q

What’s not inside a chromophobe?

A

no secretory granules

50
Q

Where does blood go after the portal veins of the pituitary?

A

secondary plexus in the pars distalis

51
Q

What is in the infundibulum (stalk) of the posterior pituitary?

A

axons from hypothalamus
protal veins
primary capillary plexus

52
Q

What is in the pars nervosa?

A

axon terminals

53
Q

Where are hormones stored for release?

A

pars nervosa

54
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A

ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin

55
Q

What does ADH (vasopressin) do?

A

controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubes/ducts

56
Q

Where is ADH synthesized?

A

neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

57
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast

58
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized?

A

neuron cell bodies in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

59
Q

The endings of axons in the pars nervosa form large fusiform swellings called…

A

herring bodies

60
Q

What are the specialized glial-like cells in the pars nervosa?

A

pituicytes

61
Q

What is another name for the pineal gland?

A

epiphysis cerebri
pineal body

62
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

in the psoterior extremity of the 1/3 ventricle and attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon

63
Q

What does the pineal gland act as in lower vertebrates?

A

photoreceptor

64
Q

What organ is important in circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles?

A

pineal gland

65
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin and serotonin

66
Q

What affect does melatonin have on GNRH?

A

decrease

66
Q

What affect does melatonin have on sex activity?

A

anti-gonadal effect
decreases sex activity

67
Q

What are the most common cells in the pineal gland?

A

pinealocytes
- arranged in clumps and cords
- neuronal-like

68
Q

Where can you see corpora arenacea (brain sand)?

A

pineal gland

69
Q

What is brain sand and where is it found?

A
  • calcified accretions of Ca and Mg phosphate in aging individuals
  • pineal gland
70
Q

Synthesis and secretion of melatonin is dramatically affected by _______________________

A

light exposure to the eyes

71
Q

What are the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder?

A

depression
lack of energy
increased need for sleep
craving of sweets
weight gain

Histology Lecture 3 (10 decks)

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