Urinary System Function Snd Regulation Flashcards
In the left diagram above, structure G is the _____, which is a temporary holding tank for urine until you can find a socially- acceptable place to release it upon the world.
Bladder
In the left diagram above, structure F is the _______, which is a tube that urine passes through after it has been filtered out of the blood.
Uréter
In the left diagram, the bean-shaped organ labeled as structure A is the organ that filters waste out of your blood. This organ also helps to regulate blood pressure (total blood volume), erythrocyte production, blood pH levels, and blood solute levels. Phew! It works really hard!
Kidney
n the left diagram, “dirty” blood flows into the filtering organ via the structure labeled C (also labeled E in the right diagram), which is called the ________.
Renal artery
In the left diagram, “cleaner” blood flows out of the kidneys via the structure labeled D (also labeled D in the right diagram), which is called the _______. This “cleaner” blood then flows back to the heart.
Renal vein
The final tube that urine travels through as it exits the body is called the _______. This structure is labeled B in the left diagram above.
Urethra
In the right diagram, the filtering organ of the Urinary System and its internal features are shown in greater detail. This organ is composed to two layers. The technical term for the outer layer (labeled B) is the ______.
Renal cortex
Also in the right diagram, the inner layer of the filtering organ (labeled C) is organized into pyramidal structures. The technical term for this layer is called the _______.
Renal medulla
There is an endocrine gland that sits on top of each filtering organ. It is labeled A in the right diagram. That structure is called the _______.
Adrenal gland
Nephrons are the microscopic structures in each filtering organ that
collect waste from the blood and concentrate it into urine. Nephrons are mostly located in this layer of tissue within the filtering organs.
Renal cortex
In each nephron, there is a portal system, where one capillary network flows into a second capillary network before returning back to the heart. The first set (or ball) of capillaries in the nephron through which blood flows is called the ______ and is labeled C in the diagram above. This is where approximately 20% of blood’s waste content is filtered out for each pass through the kidneys.
Glomerulus
The blood vessel labeled H above is an arteriole that supplies blood into the ball of capillaries mentioned in the previous question. That arteriole is called the ______.
Afferent Arteriole
After blood leaves the initial ball of capillaries, a second arteriole carries it towards the second capillary network. That arteriole is labeled I above and is called the _______.
Efferent Arteriole
The initial part of the nephron tubule (labeled B above) that receives water and filtered solutes from the blood (a fluid now called “filtrate”) is referred to as ______.
Bow mans capsule
The filtrate next passes through the _______, which is labeled G in the diagram above. This passageway is close to the start of the tubule and quite “bendy” or “winding”, both of which contribute to its name.
Proximal convoluted tubule
The filtrate next dips deep into the renal medulla and then returns back to the cortex. This structure is labeled F in the diagram above and is called the ______.
Loop of Henle
Once back in the cortex, the filtrate passes through the structure labeled D above, which is another “bendy” or “winding” section that is now farther away from the start of the tubule. These qualities again contribute to its name, which is the ______.
Distal convoluted tubule
The filtrate finally travels through the last compartment of the nephron, which is labeled E above and called the _______. This compartment travels from the renal cortex, through the renal medulla, and empties urine into the renal pelvis.
Collecting duct
There are two terms that refer to different sections of the second capillary network around each nephron. The capillaries that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules (labeled J above) are called the _______.
Peritubular Capillaries
The capillary network that surrounds the Loop of Henle (labeled K above) is called the ______
Vasa Recta
______ occurs at the end of the nephron, as urine is removed from the kidneys and ultimately the body.
Excretion
______ is the term for the random movement of fluid and small, dissolved solutes from the blood into the lumen of the nephron.
Filtration
The selective removal of specific, toxic molecules and ions from the blood and transport into the nephron lumen is called ______.
Secretion
After fluid, small solutes, and specific wastes are removed from the blood, the nephron is built to transport essential materials back into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta so that they will remain in the body. This process is called _______.
Reabsorption
This process happens in every sub-compartment of the nephron tubule, except for Bowman’s capsule.
Filtration
This process happens exclusively at the glomerulus and creates the filtrate collected by Bowman’s capsule
Secretion
his process only happens in the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
Excretion
This signal molecule specifically modulates the amount of water reabsorbed (retained) at the collecting duct when blood pressure is low or osmolarity is high.
Vasopressin
This hormone is released from stretch-sensitive endocrine cells in the heart atria. These endocrine cells release this hormone when they are stretched significantly, indicating that total blood volume and blood pressure are too high.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
This hormone is released from the adrenal cortex, so it is the first steroid hormone we’ve studied in this class. It acts at the collecting duct too, but it only alters Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. So, this hormone only directly manipulates blood osmolarity.
Aldosterone
This hormone acts at the afferent arteriole and nephron tubules, but most importantly, it results in less vasopressin release and less aldosterone release. Therefore, it is considered the antagonist to the action of those other two signal molecules.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
This signal molecule is created by a chemical reaction in the blood and will stimulate more vasopressin and aldosterone release, which will help you to reabsorb and retain more water and solutes in your body when blood pressure is low.
Angiotensin 11
This signal molecule is called a neurohormone, because it is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland into the blood.
Vasopressin
Because this signal molecule is a lipid, it can enter its target cells and bind to receptors in the cytosol. Once bound to its receptor, it will enter the nucleus and alter the transcription of ion channels and carrier proteins to modulate ion levels in the blood and filtrate.
Aldosterone
