Chapter 13 Respiratory System Function And Regulation

Question 1

The respiratory system allows oxygen into the blood so that it can be delivered to body cells for ATP production, a series of chemical reactions collectively referred to as ________. The respiratory system also allows an exit point for carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of this same process.

Answer 1

Cellular respiration

Question 2

______ is the technical term for the movement of air into the lungs.

Answer 2

Inspiration

Question 3

_____ is the technical term for movement of air out of the lungs

Answer 3

Expiration

Question 4

The ______ muscles are embedded between the rib bones and help you to breathe very deeply in and out above normal restful breathing

Answer 4

Intercostal

Question 5

In the pulmonary circuit, arteries and arterioles carry _______ blood

Answer 5

Deoxygenated

Question 6

In the pulmonary circuit, venules and veins carry ______ blood

Answer 6

Oxygenated

Question 7

As you breath in through your mouth and/or nose, air first passes through this passageway (labeled A in diagram to the right) at the back of your throat. Food and liquids also pass through this area when you are eating.

Answer 7

Pharynx

Question 8

This airway (labeled C in the adjacent diagram) is the most superior part of lower respiratory trac

Answer 8

Tracheal

Question 9

Look at the tubes labeled D in the adjacent diagram. To enter either the left or right lung, air flows through the left or right ____

Answer 9

Bronchus

Question 10

These tubes are labeled E in the adjacent diagram. They are small, collapsible passageways that are surround by smooth muscle cells. They are the transition zone between the main airways and the exchange epithelium of the lungs.

Answer 10

Bronchioles

Question 11

The terminal air sacs in the lungs are where oxygen can enter the pulmonary circulation and carbon dioxide can leave. They are labeled F in the adjacent diagram and called _____

Answer 11

Alveoli

Question 12

The main muscle that controls the rate and depth of breathing is labeled G in the adjacent diagram. It also forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 12

Diaphragm

Question 13

There are two main types of cells that make up the walls of the terminal air sacs in the respiratory system. The _____ synthesize a chemical called surfactant and secrete it to mix with fluid in those air sacks. This mixture makes it easier for these air sacs to expand during breathing.

Answer 13

Type 2 pneumocytes

Question 14

The other cells that make of the walls of the terminal air sacs, called ______, are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly through them, in or out of the blood.

Answer 14

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 15

Gases, like liquids, always move down a _____ gradient, from high to low. (Choose from: concentration, osmotic, or pressure)

Answer 15

Pressure

Question 16

Air is a mixed gas, made up of many individual gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. There is also a little water vapor mixed in for good measure. This gas law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases.

Answer 16

Dalton’s law

Question 17

When we refer to the pressure of a single gas in a mixture, we put a “P” in front of the gas abbreviation (e.g., PO2). The “P” indicates, we are talking about the ______ for that specific gas (i.e., O2 in this case).

Answer 17

Partial pressure

Question 18

As the volume of your thoracic cavity and lungs increase, the pressure inside will decrease. Likewise, when the volume of your thoracic cavity and lungs decrease, the pressure inside will increase. This inverse relationship between pressure and volume represents this gas law.

Answer 18

Boyle’s law

Question 19

To see the law mentioned in the previous question in action, look at Figure 17.8 in your textbook. As the diaphragm contracts and flattens, that increases the volume of your lungs and decreases the pressure inside to a level just below the constant atmospheric pressure. When this happens, you will ________. (Inspire or Expire)

Answer 19

Inspire

Question 20

By contrast, when your diaphragm relaxes, it goes back to its original dome shape. This decreases the volume of your lungs and increases the pressure inside to a level just above the constant atmospheric pressure. When this happens, you will _______. (Inspire or Expire)

Answer 20

Expire

Question 21

Look at Figure 17.7b in your textbook. Time is on the X-axis and the volume of air in the lungs is on the Y-axis. If you “breath quietly”, the volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration is called ______

Answer 21

Tidal volume

Question 22

After you take a normal, restful breath in, there is still a lot of lung volume yet to be used. The lung volume above restful breathing that you tap into during exercise is called _______.

Answer 22

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 23

A lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes. The sum of the volumes named in the previous two questions is the ______

Answer 23

Inspiratory capacity

Question 24

If you do a normal restful exhale and then forcibly push all the remaining air out of your lungs, you are evacuating this volume.

Answer 24

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 25

Not all the air can be forced out of your respiratory system, since the larynx, trachea, and bronchi can’t completely collapse. This volume of air that can’t be exhaled is called the ________.

Answer 25

Residual volume

Question 26

Since oxygen is such an important ingredient in ATP production, it is very dangerous if oxygen levels fall in body tissues. A lack of ATP means there is not enough energy available to maintain homeostasis and cells start to die. This condition is called ______.

Answer 26

Hypoxia

Question 27

An equally dangerous situation is when the level of carbon dioxide rises above its set point around the body. This condition is called _____.

Answer 27

hypercapina

Question 28

Look at Figure 18.2 in your textbook. Blood leaving the lungs is typically called “oxygenated blood” since it contains the normal set point for oxygen. That set point is _____

Answer 28

100 mmhg

Question 29

This oxygenated blood also contains the ideal set point for carbon dioxide, which is ______.

Answer 29

40 mmhg

Question 30

When oxygenated (or arterial) blood reaches a systemic capillary bed, oxygen will diffuse out of the blood and into body cells, since those body cells contain a PO2 that is (less than or greater than) the PO2 in oxygenated blood

Answer 30

Less than

Question 31

Also at systemic capillaries, body cells are producing carbon dioxide through normal cellular respiration. Therefore, carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood, since its level in these body cells is (less than or greater than) the PCO2 in the blood.

Answer 31

Greater than

Question 32

Deoxygenated (or venous) blood then returns back to the right side of the heart and then travels to the lungs. Deoxygenated blood typically contains a PO2 of _______ or less, depending on the metabolic activity of the body cells it just visited.

Answer 32

40 mmhg

Question 33

Deoxygenated blood has lost much of its oxygen, but it has gained carbon dioxide. This kind of blood typically contains a PCO2 of _____ or more, depending on the metabolic activity of the cells it visited.

Answer 33

46 mm hg

Question 34

Since deoxygenated (or venous) blood has a greater PCO2 than oxygenated (or arterial) blood, it is slightly (more acidic or more alkaline) than oxygenated blood. Basically, this question is showing you that there is an inverse relationship between PCO2 in blood and its pH. We will talk more about that in our respiratory system lectures.

Answer 34

Move acidic

Question 35

Each hemoglobin molecule contains four _____, which are the binding sites for oxygen. These regions contain one iron ion each.

Answer 35

Heme groups

Question 36

Hemoglobin exhibits a property called _______, where binding each oxygen molecule progressively increases its affinity for more oxygen.

Answer 36

Cooperative Binding

Question 37

Areas of the body that are working hard and producing a lot of ATP will also have high levels of CO2. An enzyme called _______ converts that CO2 and H2O into H+ ions and HCO3- (bicarbonate) ions.

Answer 37

Carbonice anhydrase

Question 38

Therefore, areas of the body that are metabolically active will be (more acidic or more alkaline) than areas of the body that are less active, due to an abundance of H+ ions in those active tissues.

Answer 38

Move acidic

Question 39

CO2 and H+ can both ________ inhibit hemoglobin. This explains HOW hemoglobin can have a variable affinity for O2 in different body areas.

Answer 39

Allostorically

Question 40

This video showed you that there is a (direct or indirect) relationship between metabolic activity (measured by CO2 and H+ levels) and the amount of O2 that hemoglobin drops off at those tissues.

Answer 40

Direct