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Bio 205 > Chapter 6 : Neuron Fuction & Neuron Transmitters > Flashcards

Chapter 6 : Neuron Fuction & Neuron Transmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify this general part of a neuron. It is the receiving area of a neuron.

A

Dendrite

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2
Q

This arrow is pointing to that entire middle section of the cell that contains a majority of the organelles. What is it generally called?

A

Cell body, soma

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3
Q

This arrow is pointing to the center structure inside the cell where DNA is housed. What is it?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

This arrow is pointing towards several bundles of white material that are wrapped around a thin gray structure. These bundles function as insulation. What are they collectively called

A

Myelin sheath

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5
Q

This line is pointing towards a specialized area of the neuron that generates actions potentials when appropriately stimulated. What is it called?

A

Axon hillock

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6
Q

This arrow is pointing to the long, thin, gray cellular extension inside the white bundles. This part of a neuron conducts or transmits action potentials from the cell body to where neurotransmitters or neuromodulators are released. What is it?

A

Axon

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7
Q

This arrow is pointing towards the bulbous end of a neuron where it interfaces with another cell by releasing neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. What is that part generally called?

A

Axon terminal

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8
Q

This arrow is pointing towards the gap between the top neuron and the bottom neuron in that zoomed-in view. What is that gap called?

A

Synaptic cleft

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9
Q

This arrow is pointing towards the receiving area of the next neuron.
What is that part called?

A

Dendrite

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10
Q

This division of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord only

A

Central Nervous system

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11
Q

This branch of the nervous system contains only sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons.

A

Peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

This branch of the nervous system is a network of neurons that lines the walls of the digestive tract. We will talk about it more towards the end of the course.

A

Enteric nervous system

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13
Q

As you learned in your prerequisite Anatomy class, nerves are bundles of many separate axons. Nerves that carry afferent signals only from the periphery to the central nervous system are called

A

Sensory nerves

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14
Q

Nerves that carry only efferent signals from the central nervous system out to skeletal muscles are called

A

Motor nerves

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15
Q

Nerves that carry both sensory and motor signals are called

A

Mixed nerves

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16
Q

This general type of cell is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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17
Q

For this specific type of neuron, all its components (dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals) are contained completely within the central nervous system. These cells are used to spread information from one place in the central nervous system to another.

A

Interteron

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18
Q

This general kind of cell in the nervous system gets its name from the Latin word for “glue.” These cells are crucial for providing support for neurons and also forming insulation around their axons.

A

Glial cells

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19
Q

These specific cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. As a part of their name implies, they can typically myelinate “a few” separate neurons with their arm-like extensions.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

These specific cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. They can only wrap themselves around one axon.

A

Schwann cells

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21
Q

The spaces on the axon that are tiny gaps in the myelin sheath are called

A

Nodes of raviner

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22
Q

These specific cells form supportive capsules around neuron cell bodies that form ganglia (a cluster of neurons located outside the CNS)

A

Satellite cells

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23
Q

These glial cells have a highly branched, star-like appearance and have many jobs many jobs, including take up and release of chemicals, providing neurons with substrates for ATP production, and help to maintain homeostasis in the CNS extracellular fluid. These cells are also important for forming the blood-brain-barrier.

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

These specialized glial cells are the part of the immune system that resides in the CNS. They remove damaged cells and destroy foreign invaders.

A

Microglia

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25
Q

These specific cells create a semi permeable layer that separates the fluid compartments of the CNS (ventricles) from the actual brain tissue.

A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

This general category of neurotransmitters includes norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.

A

Amines

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27
Q

This general neurotransmitter category includes adenosine.

A

Purines

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28
Q

This is the only gas shown in this table that acts as a neurotransmitter.

A

Nitric oxide

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29
Q

This specific neurotransmitter has two types of receptors – nicotinic
and muscarinic.

A

Acteylcholine

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30
Q

Many antipsychotic drugs are antagonists for this neurotransmitter.
Drugs of abuse are also typically agonists of this neurotransmitter.

A

Dopamine

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31
Q

Molecules such as glutamate, GABA, and glycine belong to this general
family of neurotransmitters.

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazapines potentiate the effects of
this neurotransmitter

A

GABA

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33
Q

Curare and alpha-bungarotoxin will block the action of these
acetylecholine receptors, so avoid being shot by poison darts!

A

Nicotonic

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34
Q

Atropine will block the action of these acetylcholine receptors. This is
why atropine is used to elevate heart rate during anest

A

Musicarinic

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35
Q

A/an _____ is a rapid change in membrane potential is an “all-or-none” phenomenon and transmits an electrical signal down the axon. This phenomenon is also known as a “spike”.

A

Action potential

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36
Q

This is a general term for changes in membrane potential in the dendrites or cell body that vary in strength and can be either positive or negative. They also travel very short distances and lose strength rapidly. However, multiple ones in close spatial proximity or close in time add together to travel further or last longer.

A

Graded potentials

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37
Q

The answer you gave for Question 27 is a general term with two specific sub-types. A(n) _____ is the sub-type that describes a small depolarization.

A

Excitatory post-synaptic

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38
Q

Also, regarding the general phenomenon in Question 27, a(n) _______ is the sub-type that describes a small hyperpolarizatio

A

Inhibatory post-synaptic

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39
Q

What is the typical resting membrane potential for a neuron in millivolts?

A
  • 70 MV
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40
Q

If the sum of all graded potentials at the axon hillock surpasses a particular membrane potential called the __________ , the neuron will generate or “fire” an action potential

A

Threshold voltage

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41
Q

At what membrane potential (in millivolts) will an action potential be generated in a typical neuron

A

-55mv

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42
Q

When a neuron generates an action potential, it will rapidly depolarize due to the influx of a few of these specific ions.

A

Na +

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43
Q

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, channels for this specific ion will be slow to open and achieve maximum permeability just after the membrane reaches its maximum potenti

A

K +

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44
Q

The repolarization of the membrane during an action potential is mostly due to efflux of a few of these specific ions.

A

K+

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45
Q

The channels mentioned in Question 35 are also slow to close, so they contribute to the __________ phase of the action potential when the cell’s membrane potential dips below its resting level.

A

Hyperpolarization

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46
Q

When a neuron is in the process of generating an action potential (including the depolarization and repolarization phases), it cannot fire a second action potential, no matter how much additional stimulation it receives. This period is called the

A

Absolute refract period

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47
Q

As the neuron’s membrane potential is slowly returning to the resting level from a hyperpolarized state, it CAN fire a second action potential IF the next stimulus is larger than normal. This period is called the

A

Relative refractory period

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48
Q

What…is the specific term for an action potential moving rapidly down a myelinated axon

A

Saltatory conduction

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49
Q

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, voltage-gated ____ channels will open and this ion will influx.

A

Ca 2 +

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50
Q

When that ion from Question 41 moves into the cell, _______ will fuse with the plasma membrane and release whatever signal molecule (a neurocrine) they contain.

A

Synaptic vesicles

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51
Q

A signal molecule that is released by a neuron into the synaptic cleft could be a neuromodulator or

A

neurotransmitter

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52
Q

A signal molecule that is released by a neuron into the circulatory system (blood) is called a

A

neurohormone

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53
Q

If a signal molecule is released into a synaptic cleft, it will bind with receptors on post-synaptic membrane. Eventually the effect of that signal molecule will be turned off by several mechanisms. In some cases, neurotransmitters are degraded by ______ in the synaptic cleft.

A

Enzymes

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54
Q

n other cases, neurotransmitters will be transported back into the neuron that secreted them for recycling or into a nearby glial cell for degradation. This process is called

A

Reuptake

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55
Q

Define a autonomic neuron

A

Involuntary control in the efferent neurons

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56
Q

Define somatic motor neuron

A

Voluntary control in the efferent neurons. Like skeletal muscles

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57
Q

Define slow axons, transport

A

It is passive, moves organelles and vesicles by axoplasmic flow of cytosol at .2-2.5

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58
Q

Define fast axons, transport

A

It is active so it uses ATP. Moves organelles and vesicles at rates of up to 400 mm/day using motor proteins like kinesin

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59
Q

Define anterograde transport

A

Forward. From the cell body to axon terminal

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60
Q

Define retrograde transport

A

Backward. Transport from axon terminal to cell body

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61
Q

What ions depolarize a neuron.

A

Na + & ca 2 +

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62
Q

What ions hyper polarize a neuron

A

Effluent of k+ or cl- influx

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63
Q

Define subthreshold

A

Sub : below. No action potential is generated at the axon hillock

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64
Q

Define Suprathreshold

A

Supra : above. An action potential will be imitated at the axon hillock

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65
Q

Define spatial summation

A

Summation of several subthreshold signal result in a action potential. Think of two waves comin at you is strong than one wave coming at you

66
Q

Define temporal summation

A

No summation. 2 sub threshold graded potentials will not initiate an action potential if they are far apart. On the contrary if they arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time they may sum and imitate an action potential

67
Q

The efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system can be subdivided into two general types of neurons. More specifically, the ____ control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tiss

A

Autonomic neuron

68
Q

These efferent peripheral nervous system neurons always control skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic motor neurons

69
Q

Autonomic neurons can also be broken up into two branches that are distinguished best by the type of situation in which they are most active. This branch is dominant in stressful or active situations and is often linked to the “fight or flight” response

A

Sympathetic branch

70
Q

This branch of the autonomic nervous system is more active if you are resting quietly after a meal or during the quiet activities of day-to-day living. It is often linked to the phrase “rest and digest.”

A

Parasympathetic branch

71
Q

All autonomic neural circuits consist of two neurons connected in series between the central nervous system and the effector. The first neuron, called the ________, has its cell body within the central nervous system.

A

Pregangolic neuron

72
Q

The next neuron in the circuit has its cell body outside the central nervous system (in an autonomic ganglion) and projects to an effector organ or target tissue (e.g., the heart).

A

Postganglic neuron

73
Q

The preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches secrete this neurotransmitter.

A

Acetylcholine

74
Q

The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system secrete this neurotransmitter onto effector cells (e.g., the heart).

A

Norepinephrine

75
Q

The postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete this neurotransmitter onto effector cells (e.g., the heart).

A

Acetylcholine

76
Q

The chromaffin cells of the ________ are modified postganglionic
sympathetic neurons that secrete their neurohormone into the blood
stream.

A

Adrenal Medulla

77
Q

The neurohormone secreted by the structure named in Question 12 is
called ____________.

A

Epinephrine

78
Q

Input from the _________ nervous system to the lungs will result in airway (bronchiole) dilation to allow more air into the lungs during times of physical or emotional stress.

A

Sympathetic

79
Q

Input from the _________ nervous system will cause bronchiole constriction because demand on the lungs is less during times of rest.

A

Parasympathetic

80
Q

Heart rate and contraction force are increased by _______ nervous system signaling to increase delivery of O2 and nutrients to the body in times of stress.

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

Signaling by the _________ nervous system will decrease heart rate during times of rest.

A

Parasympathetic

82
Q

The control of bronchiole diameter and heart rate use input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These are both prime examples of _________ control systems that we learned about back at the end of Chapter 6 (Unit 2).

A

Antagonist

83
Q

_______ nervous system input to the adrenal medulla will increase the secretion of catecholamines, such as epinephrine, into the blood.

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

_______ nervous system input to adipose tissue will increase fat breakdown to mobilize energy stores for increased cellular respiration.

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

_______ nervous system input to the kidneys will increase rennin secretion, which is very important for the retention of Na+ and elevation of blood pressure (more on these processes in Unit 5).

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

In Questions 19 - 21, only one branch of the autonomic nervous system controls target tissue function. It is the amount of signaling by that one system that determines what the effector organ actually does. These are prime examples of ________ control systems that we learned about back at the end of Chapter 6 (Unit 2).

A

Tonic

87
Q

When the pupils receive _________ nervous system input they dilate to bring more light (i.e., visual information) into the eyes. This shouldn’t be shocking, since vision is the primary sense for humans.

A

Sympathetic

88
Q

When the pupils receive _________ nervous system input they constrict back to their baseline diameter and therefore allow less light into the eyes.

A

Parasympathetic

89
Q

It’s probably not a great idea to devote a lot of energy to digestion during times of physical or emotional stress, right? Well, you should not be surprised to find out that _______ nervous system input decreases digestive motility and secretion.

A

Sympathetic

90
Q

By contrast, __________ nervous system input will increase digestive motility and secretion. Hence the classic “rest and digest” phrase that typically describes this autonomic branch.

A

Parasympathetic

91
Q

Preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine onto _________ receptors (specific name) on their postganglionic neurons.

A

Nn nicotinic

92
Q

Somatic motor neurons always release acetylcholine onto ______ receptors located on the motor endplate of skeletal muscle cells.

A

Nm nicotonic

93
Q

Which of the four major categories of receptors discussed in Chapter 6 (Unit 2) do those receptors from Questions 25 and 26 fall into?

A

Receptor (ion) channel

94
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons also release acetylcholine onto their target cells (e.g., the heart). However, this time, the acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors (specific name).

A

Muscarnic

95
Q

Which of the four major categories of receptors discussed in Chapter 6 (Unit 2) do those receptors from Question 28 fall into?

A

G protein coupled receptor

96
Q

This subtype of adrenergic receptors is more sensitive to epinephrine than norepinephrine and is found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscle of some organs.

A

Beta - 2

97
Q

This subtype of adrenergic receptor also has a higher affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine, but these are predominantly found in the digestive tract and pancreas.

A

Alpha-2

98
Q

This subtype of adrenergic receptors binds equally to norepinephrine and epinephrine and is found primarily on the heart and kidneys.

A

Beta 1

99
Q

This subtype of adrenergic receptor is more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine and is found in adipose tissue.

A

Beta 3

100
Q

This subtype of adrenergic receptor has a higher affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine and is the most common on sympathetic target tissues

A

Alpha 1

101
Q

All of the adrenergic receptors from Questions 30 – 34 qualify as ______, which was one of the four major categories of receptors introduced in Chapter 6 (Unit 2).

A

G - protein coupled receptors

102
Q

Which neuro transmitters are parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine

103
Q

Which neuro transmitter is sympathetic

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

104
Q

This type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart and helps to pump blood through the circulatory system.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

105
Q

This type of muscle tissue is primarily found in the internal organs and tubes, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and blood vessels.

A

Smooth muscle tissue

106
Q

This type of muscle tissue is attached to the bones of the skeleton, enabling these muscles to control body movement.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

107
Q

When this general kind of skeletal muscle contracts, it brings the centers of two bones closer together.

A

Flexor

108
Q

When this general kind of skeletal muscle contracts, the centers of two bones move away from each other.

A

Extensor

109
Q

In the left diagram above, #7 is pointing at the _____, which attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone.

A

Tendon

110
Q

In the left diagram above, #5 is pointing at a bundle of muscle fibers, also known a(n) _______.

A

Muscle fascicle

111
Q

Which andenergic receptor bind to norepinephrine?

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2 & beta 3

112
Q

Which adrenergic receptors bind to epinephrine?

A

Beta 2

113
Q

Which aderenergic receptors bind to both epinephrine & norepinephrine?

A

Beta 1

114
Q

What are the seven categories of neurocrines

A

Gases, lipids, amino acids, acetylcholine mono amines, purines

GLAAMP

115
Q

What are the two cholingeric receptors (acetylcholine)

A

Nicotinic muscular
Nicotinic neuron

116
Q

In the left diagram above, #3 is pointing at two layers of _______ which surrounds and protects the entire skeletal muscle.
.

A

Connective tissue

117
Q

In the left diagram above, #4 is pointing at a single ______, which is the functional unit of the whole muscle.

A

Skeletal muscle fiber

118
Q

In the right diagram above, #6 is printed on the _______, which is the specific term for the muscle cell plasma membrane.

A

Sarcolemma

119
Q

In the right diagram above, #2 is pointing at tunnels that penetrate deep into the skeletal muscle cell, allowing action potentials to activate all sarcomeres simultaneously.

A

T-tubules

120
Q

In the right diagram above, #4 and #9 are pointing at ________ which are organelles that provides a majority of the chemical energy needed for a muscle contraction.

A

Mitochondria

121
Q

In the right diagram above, #5 is pointing at a bundle of thick and thin filaments, collectively known as a(n) ________.

A

Myofibril

122
Q

In the right diagram above, #1 is pointing at the ______, which is an intracellular organelle that releases Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm when the muscle cell is activated by an action potential.

A

Sarcoplasmic plasmic reticulum

123
Q

The general term for the site where a somatic motor neuron contacts a skeletal muscle fiber is the ___________

A

Neuromuscular junction

124
Q

The specialized part of a skeletal muscle cell at the specific site noted in the previous question is called the ________.

A

Motor end plate

125
Q

The neurotransmitter released by a somatic motor neuron onto a skeletal muscle cell is _________.

A

Acetylcholine

126
Q

When the receptors in the previous question are triggered, a large amount of this ion will influx through them.

A

Na +

127
Q

When the receptors in Question 18 are triggered, a small amount of this ion will efflux through them.

A

K+

128
Q

The net depolarization that occurs when these two kinds of ions move across the membrane is called an __________.

A

End plate potential

129
Q

These depolarizations mentioned in the previous question always reach threshold and initiate an all-or-nothing __________ that races across the sarcolemma and down the nearest transverse tubule.

A

Action potential

130
Q

As the electrical signal mentioned in the previous question moves down the transverse tubules, it will eventually trigger ______ receptors, which are voltage-sensitive proteins.

A

Dihydropyridine (DHP)

131
Q

The receptors mentioned in the previous question are mechanically linked to Ca2+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These channels are called ___________ receptors and they release Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm.

A

Ryanodine (RyR)

132
Q

The Ca2+ ions diffuse to the nearest sarcomere and bind to _______, which becomes activated and moves a protein called tropomyosin.

A

Troponin

133
Q

Displacement of tropomyosin allows a motor protein on the thick filament called _______ to bind to actin on the thin filament.

A

Myosin

134
Q

When the protein named in the previous question binds to actin, it will flex its head towards the M-line of the sarcomere, pulling the entire thin filament in the same direction, and ultimately contracting the muscle. This flexing and pulling action is called the _______.

A

Power stroke

135
Q

The Ca2+ ions released into the sarcoplasm will continue to stimulate a muscle contraction. However, you do not want contraction to last forever. So, Ca2+ ions are actively returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by carrier proteins called __________ when stimulation from the somatic motor neuron ceases.

A

Ca2+-ATPases

136
Q

These muscle fibers are the most resistant to fatigue, largely because they have many mitochondria, very dense capillaries, and get their ATP from oxidative or aerobic respiration.

A

Slow twitch oxidative

137
Q

These muscle fibers make up white muscle, are quick to twitch, but are also easily fatigued.

A

Fast twitch glycolytic

138
Q

These muscle fibers make up red muscle and get that color due to large stores of the protein myoglobin, which stores excess oxygen for long term use.

A

Slow twitch oxidative

139
Q

These muscle fibers can be thought of as a hybrid between those that develop maximum tension the fastest and those that develop maximum tension the slowest.

A

Fast twitch oxidative glycoltic

140
Q

hese muscle fibers have the least mitochondria and the lowest capillary density.

A

Fast twitch glycoltic

141
Q

What protein senses the ca 2+ second messenger signal

A

Troponin

142
Q

What does troponin do to enable interaction between the thick and thin filaments .

A

Move tropomyosin to expose binding site

143
Q

Which specific part of myosin binds to the thin filament?

A

Myosin crossbridge

144
Q

What does ATP play in the sliding filament theory

A

ATP produces energy & cause myosin to detach from actin

145
Q

Energy from ATP is actually needed @ 3 primary location in the skeletal muscles. Where?

A

Sodium - potassium pump
Calcium Ca 2+ ATPase pumps
Power stroke

146
Q

What is a g actin ?

A

A polymer or long chain of globular actin molecules

147
Q

Myosin and ATPases catalyze what reaction

A

Hydrolyze

148
Q

What is the a band?

A

Defines the area thick and thin filaments overlap

149
Q

What is the I band?

A

The area of a sarcomere that contains the thin filaments in a relaxed muscle

150
Q

Define Z disk/ line

A

The structure that defines each end of the sarcomere

151
Q

What is the m line?

A

The line run straight down the middle of the sarcomere

152
Q

What is the H zone

A

Contains thick filaments in a relaxed muscle

153
Q

What kind of neuron releases the signal molecule onto a muscle cell?

A

Somatic motor neuron

154
Q

What is its signal molecule? What is the name for the specific location on the muscle cell where this release takes place

A

Acetylcholine. Takes place on motor end plate

155
Q

To what general kind of receptor will it bind? Pick from the four types discussed in Unit 2?

A

Receptor channels for nicotonic receptor for Nm

156
Q

What is the most specific name for this Nicotinic channel receptor? It is permeable to which ion(s)?

A

Nm, permeable to sodium influx and potassium efflux

157
Q

What happens to the muscle cell’s membrane potential after binding the neurotransmitter

A

Depolarization

158
Q

Specific name for this change? Does it always trigger an action potential at the sarcolemma?

A

End plate potential, yes

159
Q

The action potential propagates across the sarcolemma and then enters extensions of the cell membrane called _____ to trigger release of an intracellular messenge

A

Transverse tubules

160
Q

What is the intracellular second messenger triggered by an action potential?

A

Calcium

161
Q

Where is it stored in muscle cells? What plasma membrane and internal proteins mediate its
release

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum, DHP and RYR are internal proteins that mediate calcium release

162
Q

What is the target protein for this intracellular second messenger? What is its effect on that protein and others to which it is attached

A

Troponin, the calcium bind to troponin moves tropomyosin to allow myosin to make a power stroke. The cuellilargo response is to contract to generate force

Bio 205 (4 decks)

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