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Western Classes > Urinary System + Electrolytes > Flashcards

Urinary System + Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

where does filtration occur?

A

renal corpuscle

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2
Q

what kind of blood pressure moves fluid across filtration membrane?

A

hydrostatic BP

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3
Q

what is the actual filtering structure?

A

membrane of glomerular capillaries

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4
Q

what does the filtration membrane do?

A

keeps larger elements in bloodstream

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5
Q

what does the glomerular filtrate consists of?

A

water
glucose
amino acids + small proteins
urea
ions (K+, H+)

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6
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute in renal corpuscle

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7
Q

production and movement of filtrate depends on what 3 pressure?

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, & blood colloidal osmotic pressure

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8
Q

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure w/in capillaries

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9
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure from fluids in bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

blood colloidal osmotic pressure

A

tendency of blood proteins to draw water back into blood

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11
Q

3 main ways to regulate GFR

A

renal auto regulation, nervous regulation, & hormonal regulation

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12
Q

purpose of loop of henle

A

reclaim more ions + water

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13
Q

thin/descending (loop of henle)

A

water permeable
water reabsorbed via osmosis

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14
Q

thick/ascending (loop of henle)

A

water impermeable
sodium + chloride reabsorbed

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15
Q

what happens at the collecting ducts?

A

-all water + solutes are reabsorbed
-Na+ actively pumped
-K+ excreted
-water follows Na+ flow

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16
Q

what hormone stimulates water reabsorption at collecting ducts?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone - made in pituitary)

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17
Q

what happens when there’s a decline of blood pressure or blood volume?

A

juxtaglom. cells of nephron release renin

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18
Q

what does renin make?

A

angiotensin II

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19
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

targets smooth muscle and supplies blood to nephron and causes the vasoconstriction of vessels - less blood will be filtered by nephrons

(less water will be lose in urine so blood volume + pressure goes up).

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20
Q

does all filtrate need to be reabsorbed?

A

YES, or else we’d be dehydrated

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21
Q

where does most reabsorption happen?

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

22
Q

PCT reabsorption depends on what?

A

sodium gradient b/w cytosol of tubule cell + filtrate

23
Q

what is the gradient maintained by?

A

primary active transport

24
Q

what is primary active transport maintained by?

A

sodium-potassium pumps

25
Q

what are Na+ ions taken out and reabsorbed by?

A

secondary active transport (when traded by H+ ions)

26
Q

what happens with myogenic autoregulation?

A

as BP increases smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles stretch (reduce blood to glomerular capillaries) – GFR decreases

27
Q

what happens with tubuloglomerular feedback

A

when BP is above normal; rapid filtrate flow reduces ion retention so filtrate in tubule has more Na+, Cl- + water

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
reduce blood flow to glomerular capillaries – GFR decreases

28
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

29
Q

interstitial fluid (IF)

A

fluid in spaces b/w cells

30
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

consist ions of 2 major subdivisions (plasma, interstitial fluid)

31
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

about two-thirds by volume contained in cells

32
Q

other ECF’s

A

lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions

33
Q

healthy % of water in bodes

A

healthy males = 60%
healthy female = 50%

34
Q

electrolytes

A

inorganic salts, all acids and bases, some proteins

35
Q

non-electrolytes

A

glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea

36
Q

electrolytes are more osmotic power than non-electrolytes

A

TRUE

37
Q

extracellular fluids characteristics

A

chief cation = sodium
major anion = chloride

38
Q

intracellular fluids characteristics

A

chief cation = potassium
chief anion = phosphate

39
Q

osmotic pressure

A

created by electrolytes
pulls water
requires selectively permeable membrane

40
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of water

41
Q

2 way water flow is substantial

A

TRUE

42
Q

hypotonic solution

A

surrounding has less solute so water goes into cell (cell big - if person doesn’t have enough water in system)

43
Q

hypertonic solution

A

surround has more solute so water goes out of cell into surrounding (cell shrinks – if person has too much water in system)

44
Q

isotonic solution

A

surrounding and cell are equal so all is normal (no moving into or out of)

45
Q

metabolic water

A

water that is a product of metabolism

46
Q

who regulates water intake

A

hypothalamic (thirst center) – decline in plasma volume (10-15%) and increase in plasma osmolarity (1-2%)

47
Q

what inhibits water intake

A

moistening of mucosa of mouth/throat AND activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors

48
Q

low ADH make what kind of urine

A

dilute urine and reduced volume in body fluids

49
Q

high ADH make what kind of urine

A

concentrated urine

50
Q

what factors trigger ADH release

A

prolonged fever, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, severe blood loss, traumatic burns

51
Q

what organ makes protein

A

liver

Western Classes (3 decks)

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