Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCN ONS Bundle > Urinary System Cancers > Flashcards

Urinary System Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Key role of Kidney =

A

Filters blood, remove excess water, salt, and waste products.

Makes hormone renin -> helps control BP

Makes Erythropoietin -> stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common type of Renal Cell Cancer =

A

Adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Various subtypes of kidney RCC adenocarcinomas (4)

Which is most common?

A 
Clear cell RCC (most common 7/10) 
Papillary RCC (1/10)
Chromophobe RCC (5%) 
Other rare types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Kidney Cancer (4)

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Renal Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

  • Where does it start?
A
  • starts in lining of renal pelvis and infiltrates kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

  • Most always occurs in what age group?
  • ___lateral
  • 5-15% have ____ tumors in one kidney
  • Typically grows quite large before diagnosed ->
  • (2) types
A
  • Children
  • Uni
  • multiple
  • higher rates of metastasis
  • Favorable (no aplasia) vs Unfavorable (anaplastic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaplasia =

A

Poor cellular differentiation considered a hallmark of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rare type of kidney cancer (<1%)

Begins in blood vessels or connective tissue of kidney

A

Renal Sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Kidney Cancer

Risk Factors

A
  • Smoking & occupational chemical exposures (cadmium, herbicides, trichlorethylene)
  • Obesity, high BP
  • Familial hx
  • Advanced kidney disease (dialysis)
  • Male gender
  • African american/indians/alaska natives
  • Medications (Phenacetin, diuretics)
  • High fat, protein diets low in antioxidants
  • Genetic/Hereditary diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genetic and hereditary diseases that are risk factors for Kidney Ca (6)

A
  • Cowden Syndrome
  • Von Hippel Lindau disease
  • Hereditary papillary or leiomyoma RCC
  • Birt-Hogg Dube (BHD) snydrome
  • Familial renal CA
  • Hereditary renal oncocytoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bc there are so many genetic diseases that predispose to renal CA -> _____ ______ is crucial for early identification

A

Genetic counseling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kidney Cancer

S/S

A
  • Hematuria
  • Back pain (typically on one side)
  • Mass on side or lower back
  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia/ Unintentional weight loss
  • Fever with no infection
  • Anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kidney Cancer

Screening & Diagnosis (3)

A
  • H&P
  • Lab tests (CBC, BMP, urinalysis)
  • Imaging (CT abdomen/pelvis > MRI, Renal US, bone scan, biopsy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RCC

Tx for Stage I, II, III

A

Surgical resection w partial or radical nephrectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RCC

Tx for Stage pT1b

A

May add sunitinib or clinical trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RCC

Tx for Stage IV (2)

A

Nephrectomy w surgical metastasectomy or cytoreductive nephrectomy

Systemic therapy

17
Q

Systemic therapies for Stage IV RCC (6)

A

1) Cabozantinib
2) Pazopanib
3) Ipilimumab & Nivolumab
4) Bevacizumab + Interferon alfa 2a
5) Temsirolomus w high dose interleukin II
6) Clinical trial

18
Q

Kidney Ca

Prognosis

1) __/10 are cured if diagnosis occurs at early stage
2) Chance of cure is lower if tumor has grown into ____ or pain part of kidney, higher grades

A

1) 9

2) ureter

19
Q

Most common site of mets for Kidney Ca

A

Lung

20
Q

Bladder Ca has decreased somewhat bc of decrease in _____

A

Smoking

however death rates remain substantial bc of ineffective screening

21
Q

Bladder CA more common in

1) Men or Women
2) Black or White
3) Young or Old

A

1) Men
2) White
3) Old

22
Q

Types of Bladder Ca (5)

A 
Transitional Cell Carcinoma 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
Adenocarcinoma 
Small Cell Carcinoma 
Sarcoma
23
Q

Which type of Bladder CA?

  • > 90% of cases
  • starts in inner urothelial layer
  • also called urothelial carcinoma
  • has several subtypes based on histology
A

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

24
Q

Which type of Bladder CA?

  • 1-2% of cases
  • usually invasive
A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

25
Q

Which type of Bladder Ca?

  • < 1% of cases
  • often grow quickly
A

Small Cell Carcinoma

26
Q

Rarest type of Bladder Ca

  • Starts in muscle cells of bladder
A

Sarcoma

27
Q

Bladder Ca

Risk Factors

A
  • Smoking*
  • Advanced age (~65)
  • Workplace chemical exposure (rubber, leather, textiles, dyes, paint)
  • Occupation (painters, hairdressers, machinists, printers, truck drivers)
  • Caucasians 2x >
  • Men
  • Chronic bladder infx
  • Past hx
  • Bladder birth defects
  • Past nephrotoxic chemo (Cyclophos)
  • Arsenic in drinking water
  • Consistent dehydration
  • Aristolochic acid dietary supplements
  • Genetics (Cowden, Lynch, RB1 mutation)
28
Q

Bladder Ca

Sx

A
  • Hematuria
  • Changes in bladder habits (dysuria, frequency, hesitancy)
  • Not being able to urinate
  • Low back pain
  • Loss of appetite, weight loss
  • Swelling in feet
  • Bone pain
29
Q

Bladder Ca

Screening & Diagnosis

A
  • H&P
  • Cytoscopy
  • Urine testing
  • Biopsy
  • Imaging (pyelogram)
30
Q

Bladder Ca

Stage I Tx

A

Transurethral resection of bladder (TURB) with fulguration +

  • Intravesical chemo Gemcitabine or mitomycin
  • Postop intravesical chemo
  • Intraop, post, maintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin
  • Observation
31
Q

Bladder Ca

Stage II & III Tx

A

Neoadjuvant Cisplatin + radical or partial cystectomy

Chemo + radiation for nonsurgical candidates or transurethral resection + intravesical bacillus Calmette Guerin

32
Q

Bladder Ca

Stage IV chemo

A

Systemic chemo +/- radiation

33
Q

Bladder Ca

Prognosis
1) Recurrence?

A

> 20 years recurrence in early stage remains high, prognosis is poor, emphasis on palliation of sx

34
Q

Bladder Ca Post op pts will usually have (2)

A

1) Ileal conduit stoma

2) Continent urinary diversion (orthoptic neobladder)

35
Q

Nursing consideration for ileal conduit stoma

A
  • Assessment & care

- patient teaching to care for stoma

36
Q

Nursing consideration for Continent urinary diversion

  • Is the _____ urinary diversion method
  • Patient teaching to learn voiding technique
  • ____ functioning can be negatively affected following cystectomy
  • _____ in men
  • Women may experience vaginal _____ and ____ intercourse (bc of partial vaginal removal)
  • ______ distress - ongoing assessment and referral is critical
A
  • preferred
  • Sexual
  • Impotence
  • dryness, painful
  • Psychological
37
Q

Most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in men

A

Prostate Ca

OCN ONS Bundle (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions