Cancer Treatment Modalities: Surgery Flashcards
Surgical Oncology goals (8)
1) Prophylactic
2) Diagnostic
3) Staging
4) Curative
5) Debulking
6) Palliative
7) Supportive (Surgery for Ports)
8) Restorative (Reconstructive)
Types of biopsies
1) Fine needle aspiration
2) Core needle biopsy
3) Excisional or incisional biopsy
4) Endoscopy
5) Endoscopic ultrasound
6) Laparoscopy, Thoracoscopy, Mediastinoscopy
7) Open surgical exploration (laparotomy or thoracotomy)
A procedure done to remove tissue (called a sample) from an area that may be cancerous
Biopsy
Fine needle aspiration biopsy =
Very thin needle attached to a syringe to pull out small bits of tissue
- can be guided by US, CT if tumor is too deep
- Advantage: no need to cut skin
- Drawback = when needle cannot take out enough tissue
Core needle biopsy =
Uses a larger needle ot take out a thin core of tissue
-can be guided by US, CT if tumor is too deep
Excisional or incisional biopsy =
Surgeon cuts through skin to remove entire tumor (excisional biopsy) or small part of tumor (incisional biopsy)
Endoscopic biopsy =
Uses long thin flexible tube with tiny video camera and light on the end to see the tumors (GI, lungs) and take samples
Advantage: incision and general anesthesia not needed
Endoscopic ultrasound =
Ultrasound devices connected to end of endoscopes -> allows doctor to picture layers of the (esophagus, trachea, bronchi) by using sound waves
Needle comes out through endoscope
can also see nearby lymph nodes and organs
Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy =
Like endoscopy but small cut made in skin of abdomen
Usually needs general anesthesia
Laparotomy or thoracotomy
major open surgical exploration when needed, cut made from bottom of breast bone to low part of belly to look directly at area
Surgeries to treat cancer (8)
Laser surgery Cryosurgery Electrosurgery Radiofrequency ablation Mohs surgery Laparoscopic surgery Thoracoscopic surgery Robotic surgery
Laser Surgery =
Uses a highly focused, precise, and powerful beam of light energy to cut through tissue, burn and destroy cancers (cervix, lung, skin, other organs)
Photocoagulation or Photoablation =
Using lasers to destroy tissue or seal tissues or blood vessels
Often used to relieve symptoms such as when large tumors block trachea or esophagus, causing breathing and eating problems
Cryosurgery =
Liquid nitrogen spray or a very cold probe to freeze and kill abnormal cells
(skin, cervix, penis, liver, prostate)
Electrosurgery =
High frequency electrical current used to destroy cells
skin, mouth
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) =
High energy radio waves sent through needle to heat and destroy cancer cells
(liver, lungs, kidney)
Mohs surgery =
Microscopically controlled surgery used to remove certain skin cancers, shaving off one thin layer at a time
- after each layer, doctor looks under microscope to check for cancer cells, repeatedly until cells in a layer look normal
Laparoscopic surgery =
Long, thin, flexible tube put through small cut to look inside, sometimes takes pieces of tissue to check for cancer (colon, rectum, liver, prostate, uterus, kidney)
Thoracoscopic surgery =
Thin tube with tiny video camera that can be put through small cut into chest after lung is collapsed -> tissue samples, fluid drainage, small tumor removal (lung)
Robotic surgery =
Type of laparoscopic surgery where doctor sits in control panel with precise robotic arms to control scope and other special instruments (colon, prostate, uterus)
Oncoplasty =
Done by onc surgeons also trained in plastic surgery allows patients to undergo tumor removal and cosmetic repair at the same time
