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Histology > Urinary System And The Adrenal > Flashcards

Urinary System And The Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does a rat kidney have

A

1 - they are Unilobar

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2
Q

How many lobes does a human kidney have

A

8 - it is multilobar

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3
Q

Describe the lobar structure of the human kidney

A

It becomes indistinct on the surface at birth

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4
Q

Describe the kidney cortex

A

Has a profuse blood supply and contains units where ultrafiltration occurs

This is where the majority of reabsorption takes place

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5
Q

What are the units of the kidney cortex where ultrafiltration takes place

A

Malpighian/ renal corpuscles

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6
Q

Describe the renal medulla

A

Has a poorer blood supply that the cortex and contains tubules and blood vessels running in parallel bands

The medulla tapers down from the cortex to end in a blunt pyramid (the papilla)

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7
Q

True or false:

The number of cortical nephrons is much greater than that if juxtamedullary nephrons

A

True

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8
Q

How many nephrons are in the human kidney

A

1 million

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9
Q

What does each renal corpuscle consist of

A

A glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

What does Bowman’s capsule consist of

A

2 epithelial layers with Bowman’s space between them

The inner epithelium is in close association with the glomerular capillaries and reflects at the vascular pole to form the parietal layer, which is continuous with the PCT

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11
Q

What forms the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

What about the parietal layer?

A

Podocytes

Squamous epithelium

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12
Q

Describe the podocytes of the inner epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

A

They have long cytoplasmic extensions (primary processes) that give rise to secondary foot processes, both of which embrace the capillary loops

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13
Q

What is the vascular pile of the renal corpuscle

A

Where the blood supply enters and leaves the glomerulus

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14
Q

What is the urinary pole

A

Where the PCT joins Bowman’s capsule

It is opposite the vascular pole

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15
Q

What distinguishes the PCT

A

A brush border

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16
Q

What is the macula densa

What does it look like in a LM

A

A distinct epithelial region found at the junction of the thick ascending limb and the DCT, closely opposing the glomerular vascular pole

Look for a distal tubule touching the outer glomerulus, showing many nuclei side by side or even overlapping

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17
Q

Which cells are the macula densa cells in contact with at the glomerular vascular pole

A

The extra glomerular mesangial cells

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18
Q

What does the macula densa do

A

Monitors the change in [NaCl] in tubular fluid

Mediates renin release by juxtaglomerular cells

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19
Q

What does the Mesangium consist of

A

Mesangial cells and mesangial matrix interposed between glomerular capillaries

The extra- and intraglomerular mesangial cells are continuous

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20
Q

What do mesangial cells do (5)

A

Produce mesangial matrix

They have contractile properties

provide structural support to the capillary network

Play an indirect role in glomerular filtration by regulating blood flow via endothelins

They are phagocytic and remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from capillary basement membrane to keep the filter free of debris

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21
Q

What is characteristic about where the renal papilla projects into the calyx

A

The presence of a high cuboidal epithelium, with no brush border and the lateral cells are distinctly visible with LM

22
Q

What are the only tubules between the papillary ducts

A

Thin limbs of loops of Henle and capillaries

23
Q

What does the glomerular barrier through which plasma is filtered consist of

A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium

A basement membrane

Podocyte layer

24
Q

Describe the fenestrated layer of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus

A

Contains numerous fenestrations of ~50 -100nm in diameter

25
Q

Describe the basement membrane of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus

A

Shared by endothelial and podocyte layer

Functions as a highly selective filter

Negatively charged meshwork of specialised extracellular matrix composed of type IV collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

26
Q

Describe the podocyte layer of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus

A

The podocytes have long branching foot like processes that encircle the glomerular capillary surface

The endings of the podocyte processes are separated by gaps (filtration slits) bridges by a thin porous diaphragm with pores of ~4-14nm

27
Q

Which molecules are not easily filtered in the glomerulus

A

Negatively charged ones sir or the electrostatic repulsion by the negative charge of the basal lamina and podocyte layer

28
Q

Where are umbrella cells found

Why do these cells contain vesicles

A

Urinary bladder

The vesicles are made up of plaques which fuse into the membrane when the area of the cell needs to increase to allow distension of the bladder

29
Q

What are the layers of tissue in the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscular coat (3 layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal)

Adventitia

30
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Steroids:

Glucocorticoids

‘Mineralocorticoids

Sex hormones

31
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

Catecholamines

Eg adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine

32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex, from superficial to deep?

How much of the cortex does each take up

A

Zona glomerulosa (10-15%)

Zona fasciculate (75%)

Zona reticularis (5-10%)

33
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce

What do these do

Eg

A

Mineralocorticoids

Regulate electrolyte and water balance

Eg aldosterone that promotes Na+ reabsorption in the kidney

34
Q

What are steroid secreting cells characterised By

A

Numerous lipid droplets, mitochondria (with tubular cristae) and an extensive sER

35
Q

Why do the steroid secreting cells have lots of mitochondria

A

Oxidation of fatty acids provides acetate for cholesterol synthesis by the sER

36
Q

What 3 hormones are secreted by the kidney

A

Renin
1,25-DHCC
erythropoietin

37
Q

What is 1,25-DHCC

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

AKA: calcitriol

It is a hydroxylated derivative of vit D3

38
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of

A

The juxtaglomerular granular cells of the afferent arteriole

The extraglomerular mesangial cells

The macula densa

39
Q

What do the juxtaglomerular cells do

A

They are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete renin

40
Q

Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells found

A

They are found in the junction between afferent and efferent arterioles

41
Q

What properties does the JGA have

A

Both chemoreceptor and baroreceptor properties

These are vital for control of GFR and renin secretion

42
Q

What is ANP

When and where is it released

What does it do

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Released by atrial myocardial cells when distended as a result of increased blood volume

ANP promotes sodium excretion and inhibits production

43
Q

Is the duct system more prominent in the salivary gland or pancreas

A

More prominent in salivary gland

44
Q

What is a characteristic feature of secretory acini in the pancreas

A

They are composed exclusively of serous cells

45
Q

The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland. Which component occupies most of the gland

A

Exocrine component

46
Q

What are the exocrine components of the pancreas

A

The acini

47
Q

What volume of the pancreas does the endocrine component make up

A

1-2%

These are the islets of Langerhans

48
Q

What are secreted by the different cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

α cells: glucagon
β cells: insulin
Δ cells: somatostatin
F: pancreatic polypeptide

49
Q

Why do pancreatic acinar cells have abundant rER

A

For protein synthesis

50
Q

Name an endocrine function of the liver

A

Secretion of plasma proteins, lipoproteins and glucose into the space of Disse

Histology (9 decks)

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