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Histology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

In the anterior end of the diencephalon

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2
Q

What are the direct links between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

A

The vascular links of the hypothalamic – hypophyseal portal system

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3
Q

How is secretion of the posterior pituitary controlled

A

By nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus

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4
Q

Name six hormones released from the hypothalamus

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone/somatostatin

Dopamine

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5
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary

What does it consist of

A

Adenohypophysis

Glandular epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What hormones do we need to know that are secreted from the anterior pituitary

A 
Growth hormone, 
prolactin, 
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, 
thyroid stimulating hormone
 follicle stimulating hormone
 luteinising hormone
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7
Q

What secretes GH

A

Somatotrophs (about 50% of bulk of anterior pituitary)

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8
Q

What secretes prolactin

A

Lactotrophs– 20% of anterior pituitary but this increases during pregnancy

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9
Q

What secretes ACTH

How much of the anterior pituitary does this take up

A

Corticotrophs

20%

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10
Q

What secretes TSH

A

Thyrotrophs (5% of anterior pituitary)

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11
Q

What secretes FSH and LH

How much of the anterior pituitary does this take up

A

Gonadotrophs

5%

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12
Q

What does pars distalis refer to

A

The major anterior part of the anterior pituitary

It is separated from the posterior pituitary by the Pars intermedia

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13
Q

What is the pars tuberalis

A

An upward extension of the anterior pituitary which forms a partial or total collar of cells around the infundibular stem

The pars tuberalis and infundibular stem together make up the pituitary stalk

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14
Q

What is the pars intermedia

A

A thin area of tissue lying against the posterior pituitary

It is rudimentary in humans compared to other mammals

It secretes MSH

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15
Q

What is MSH

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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16
Q

What is the pars nervosa

A

The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis

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17
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

Via the pituitary stalk

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18
Q

What are the staining properties of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Acidophilic: GH, PRL

Basophilic: ACTH, FSH, TSH, LH

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19
Q

Are the neurons of the posterior pituitary myelinated

A

No

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20
Q

How are the nerves divide in the posterior pituitary

A

Neurons in the supra optic nuclei are primarily ADH producing

Paraventricular nuclei produce mainly oxytocin

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21
Q

What are the terminal axons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary supported by

A

Glial cells known as pituitcytes which surround the unmyelinated axons

22
Q

Discuss The ultrastructure of cells in the anterior pituitary

A

They are typical of those of a peptide secreting cell

They are characterised by numerous secretory granules in the cytoplasm as well as prominent Golgi apparatus, ER and mitochondria

The Endocrine cells are surrounded by numerous sinusoid capillaries of the pituitary portal system that have penetrated endothelium and carry away secreted hormones

23
Q

Where is the thyroid located and what does it consist of?

A

Located in the anterior neck region in front of the upper trachea

It consists of two lateral lobes is connected by a breach of tissue called the isthmus

24
Q

Where is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid

A

Extends up from the isthmus

25
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there

A

Usually 4 but this number can vary

26
Q

What is T4 and T3

A

T4= thyroxine

T3= triiodothyronine

They are iodine containing hormones synthesised by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland

27
Q

What are C cells

A

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid which release calcitonin

28
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

Plays a role in calcium regulation

29
Q

What do the parathyroid glands synthesise

What does it do

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Plays a role in calcium And phosphate regulation

30
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid

A

The thyroid follicle

31
Q

Describe the structure of a thyroid follicle

A

Spherical structure is composed of one layer of follicular cells which have a nucleus located at the base of the cell

32
Q

What do thyroid glands contain

A

Thousands of follicles filled with colloid

33
Q

What is the main component of colloid

A

Thyroglobulin

34
Q

How common are C cells in the thyroid

A

They are less common and sparsely distributed sometimes referred to as clear cells

35
Q

What do you C cells look like

A

Large, rounded, with a clear and light structure

36
Q

Where are c cells found

A

In humans: primarily located within the thyroid follicle between the basal area of the follicular cells and the basement membrane such that they have no contact with the colloid

37
Q

What do parathyroid glands consist largely of

A

Chief/principal cells and oxyphil/acidophilic cell

38
Q

What do chief cells and oxyphil cells do in the parathyroid

A

Chief cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of PTH

Oxyphil cells do not secrete PTH their physiological role is not clear

39
Q

Oxyphil cells are often absent in which group of people

A

Young individuals: their number increases with age

40
Q

Describe the difference in morphology between active follicular cells and less active follicular cells

A

Active: high and columnar

Less active: flattened

41
Q

How can the inner adrenal medulla be considered

Name 3 things secreted here

A

As a sympathetic ganglion in which postganglionic neurons have lost axons and become secretory cells

The catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

42
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone

43
Q

What do the cells of the zona glomerulosa look like

A

They tend to aggregate into a regular round clusters surrounded by capillaries of wide diameter

The cells have a strongly stained round nucleus and poorly stained cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the widest zone of the adrenal cortex and what do it cells look like?

What does it secrete?

A

Zona fasciculata

That consists of narrow cords of large cells, separated by a wide diameter, fenestrated capillaries

Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol

45
Q

How much of the adrenal cortex is the zona reticularis

What does it consist of

What does this zone secrete

A

5-10%

Irregular network of branching cords, with numerous capillaries of wide diameter

Androgenic steroids

46
Q

How is the adrenal medulla arranged

A

In clumps and cords of cells known as chromaffin cells surrounded by supporting tissue containing numerous wide diameter, fenestrated capillaries

47
Q

Describe the Venous channels of the adrenal medulla

A

They drain blood from the capillaries of the cortex past through the middle that towards the central medullary vein

48
Q

Describe the cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Large nucleus and a basophilic cytoplasm

49
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines are stored in membrane-bound granules which are released by exocytosis

50
Q

In humans and dogs which hormone is released most from the adrenal medulla

What about the cats

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Histology (9 decks)

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