Urinary System

Question 1

List in order the structures of the renal corpuscle that a substance must pass through during filtration:
1.	filtration slit (slit pore) 
2.	capsular space
3.	dense layer 
4.	capillary endothelium
A) 4, 3, 2, 1 
B) 4, 1, 2, 3 
C) 4, 3, 1, 2 
D) 3, 1, 4, 2 
E) 2, 4, 3, 1

Answer 1

C) 4, 3, 1, 2

Question 2

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the  
A) renal corpuscle.  
B) filtration membrane.  
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
D) juxtaglomerular complex.  
E) afferent arteriole.

Answer 2

D) juxtaglomerular complex.

Question 3

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?
A) control of total body water
B) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood
C) excretion of excess albumen
D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow
E) regulation of blood pressure

Answer 3

C) excretion of excess albumen

Question 4

The filtration of plasma takes place in the   
A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
B) distal convoluted tubule.  
C) papillary duct.  
D) renal corpuscle.  
E) ureter.

Answer 4

D) renal corpuscle.

Question 5

The process of filtration occurs at the  
A) proximal convoluted tubule.  
B) distal convoluted tubule.  
C) collecting duct.  
D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).  
E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

Answer 5

E) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

Question 6

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers
A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.
B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.
C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.
E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

Answer 6

C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Question 7

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except  
A) hydrogen ions.  
B) urea.  
C) proteins.  
D) amino acids.  
E) creatinine.

Answer 7

C) proteins.

Question 8

Substances larger than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.  
A) sodium ions  
B) glucose  
C) albumin  
D) amino acids  
E) urea

Answer 8

C) albumin

Question 9

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.
B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
C) trigger renin release.
D) produce renal ischemia.
E) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

Answer 9

B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 10

The process of filtration is driven by  
A) active transport.  
B) blood osmotic pressure.  
C) blood hydrostatic pressure.  
D) renal pumping.  
E) solvent drag.

Answer 10

C) blood hydrostatic pressure.

Question 11

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?

1) blood hydrostatic pressure 
2) capsular hydrostatic pressure 
3) capsular colloid osmotic pressure 
4) blood colloid osmotic pressure 
5) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.
D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
E) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.

Answer 11

D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

Question 12

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?  
A) presence of protein in urine
B) presence of blood in urine
C) permanent kidney injury
D) damage to the glomeruli  
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 12

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
B) decrease secretion of aldosterone.
C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.
E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

Answer 13

A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Question 14

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
A) blood pressure.
B) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.
C) constriction of the efferent arteriole.
D) protein in the filtrate.
E) filtrate in the capsular space.

Answer 14

B) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.

Question 15

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
C) osmotic pressure of the urine.
D) capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

Answer 15

B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 16

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

Answer 16

E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

Question 17

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except  
A) active transport.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) cotransport.  
D) countertransport.  
E) stem cell movements.

Answer 17

E) stem cell movements.

Question 18

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of 
A) diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport.  
E) countertransport.

Answer 18

D) cotransport.

Question 19

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of  
A) diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport.  
E) countertransport.

Answer 19

E) countertransport.

Question 20

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by  
A) simple diffusion.  
B) facilitated diffusion.  
C) active transport.  
D) cotransport with Na and K ions.  
E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

Answer 20

D) cotransport with Na and K ions.

Question 21

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves
A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 21

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.
A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
C) Both statements are true.
D) Both statements are false.
E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Answer 22

E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Question 23

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
A) excessive ADH secretion.
B) absence of ADH.
C) hematuric oliguria.
D) overproduction of aldosterone.
E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

Answer 23

B) absence of ADH.

Question 24

Antidiuretic hormone
A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

Answer 24

A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Question 25

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to 
A) less secretion of aldosterone.
B) increased urinary loss of sodium.
C) reduction of blood pressure.
D) decreased sodium reabsorption.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 25

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include  
A) hydrogen ions.  
B) penicillin.  
C) creatinine.  
D) potassium ions.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 26

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion:  
A) water 
B) glucose 
C) hydrogen ions 
D) sodium ions 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 27

C) hydrogen ions

Question 28

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? 
A) chloride ions 
B) water 
C) protein 
D) urea 
E) glucose

Answer 28

C) protein

Question 29

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains 
A) hydrogen ions.
B) water. 
C) nutrients. 
D) urea.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 29

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
A) relies on countercurrent multiplication
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) enables production of hypertonic urine
D) site of obligatory water reabsorption.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 30

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
A) a concentrated urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
D) permeability to water in the collecting system increases.
E) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.

Answer 31

C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Question 32

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
E) urine with less glucose.

Answer 32

D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Question 33

During the micturition reflex,
A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
B) parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.
C) the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
D) the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 33

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except
A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons.
B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate glomerular filtration rate).
C) increased sensitivity to ADH.
D) problems with the micturition reflex.
E) loss of sphincter muscle tone.

Answer 34

C) increased sensitivity to ADH.