Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Principle organ system responsible for water & electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation, & acid-base balance
A
Urinary system
2
Q
_____ system has 1’ secretory function—excretion of toxic & metabolic waste products, especially ________
A
Urinary system; urea & creatinine
3
Q
1’ nitrogenous waste product in mammals; soluble
A
Urea
4
Q
Is urea soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?
A
Yes; 2
5
Q
Is uric acid soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?
A
No; 3
6
Q
includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, etc.)
A
BUN—blood urea nitrogen
7
Q
____ functions in Metabolism & excretion of various drugs (e.g., abx)
A
Urinary system
8
Q
Kidneys synthesize ____ & maintain normal bp via ______ system
A
renin; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
9
Q
____ produced by kidney; stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
A
Erythropoietin
10
Q
_____ converted from inactive to active form by liver & kidney
A
Vit D
11
Q
Kidneys are _____ organs with ______ capsule
A
retroperitoneal; fibrous connective tissue
12
Q
Blood vessels & ureters enter/ exit at _____
A
hilus
13
Q
Each kidney supplied by _____ ,
A
renal A
14
Q
renal A branches to form ___
A
interlobar Aa
15
Q
interlobar Aa branches to form_____
A
arcuate Aa
16
Q
arcuate Aa branches to form ____
A
interlobular Aa
17
Q
then interlobular Aa give off ______ to _____
A
affarent arterioles to glomeruli
18
Q
Arcuate arteries are located at _____
A
corticomedullary junction
19
Q
Kidney divided into outer ____& inner ____
A
cortex; medulla
20
Q
Cortex contains mostly _____ and ______
A
renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules
21
Q
Medulla contains mostly _____, _____, and _____
A
loops of Henle, collecting tubules & collecting ducts
22
Q
_____ is unique to urinary tract—varying # of layers—stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= “umbrella cells”)•Highly distensible; allows for changing urine volumes
A
Transitional epithelium
23
Q
Functional unit of kidney ______ ~1 million/ each human kidney
A
nephron
24
Q
Nephron is Embryologically derived from ______, part of developing ______
A
nephrogenic blastema; urogenital ridge
25
How many types of neurons are there?
3
26
_______ nephrons located in outer rim of cortex; have short loops of Henle
cortical or subcapsular nephrons
27
____ nephrons adjacent to medulla; have long loops of Henle
juxtamedullary nephrons
28
_____ nephrons in middle of cortex; have intermediate length loops of Henle
intermediate nephrons
29
What are the 2 major components of nephrons?
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
30
Part of nephron that filters blood plasma
Renal corpuscle
31
Part of nephron that collects filtrate
renal tubule
32
Each renal corpuscle has 2 components called
Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus
33
_____ single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (= parietal layer)
Capsule
34
_____ Forms hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus
parietal layer
35
Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as ______
visceral layer
36
Cells of visceral layer highly modified, called
podocytes
37
Space between visceral and parietal layers is called
Bowman’s space
38
_____ collects glomerular filtrate, empties into renal tubule
Bowman’s space
39
Network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries within kidney
Glomerulus
40
The glomerulus is Supplied arterial blood by _____ and ____
afferent & efferent arterioles
41
Blood plasma passes through several cell layers to become_____
filtrate
42
water & small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space
filtrate
43
First layer of glomerulus consists of ______ and ______
capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus & glomerular basement membrane
44
Luminal surface of capillary endothelium in glomerulus is negatively charged due to surface layer of glycoprotein called _______—sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules
podocalyxin
45
______ acts as physical barrier & ion-selective filter
Glomerular basement membrane
46
Space between capillary basement membrane & second layer of cells (podocytes) is called the _______
subpodocyte space
47
______ surround glomerular capillaries, possess cytoplasmic extensions known as ______
Podocytes; foot processes
48
T/F: Long 1’ foot processes give off short 2’ foot processes(= pedicels)
True
49
Spaces between foot processes are ____—~40 nm in diameter
filtration slits
50
filtration slits contain _______ that are made of a protein called ______
slit diaphragms; nephrin
51
Act as additional barrier, function to restrict passage of large macromolecules (MW > 69K), proteins, negatively charged molecules, & blood cells
slit diaphragms
52
T/F: Podocytes have phagocytic function & can remove trapped macromolecules
True
53
The resultant glomerular ultrafiltrate is passed to _____
renal tubule
54
What are the 4 distinct zones of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule•Loop of Henle•Distal convoluted tubule•Collecting tubule/duct•
55
What kind of epithelium makes up the renal tubule?
simple cuboidal epithelium
56
1’ function of ______ is selective resorption of water, inorganic ions (Na & bicarbonate) & large molecules (e.g., AA’s, proteins, glucose) from glomerular filtrate
renal tubule
57
the ____ also functions in Concentration of waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine, excess H+ & K+)
renal tubule
58
_____ of renal tubule is Confined to cortex and is facilitated by aquaporins
proximal convoluted tubule
59
the ____ of renal tubule is the 1’ site of water resorption; resorbs ~75% of water & ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate; Also resorbs all proteins, AA’s, & sugars (glucose)
proximal convoluted tubule
60
integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H2O in brush border of epithelial cells
aquaporins
61
Simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli (= brush border), characteristic of ______ (part of renal tubule)
proximal convoluted tubule
62
What are the 4 parts of the loop of Henle?
Pars recta (thick descending limb), thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb
63
T/F: Each segment of the loop of Henle are all the same length
False; vary in length
64
Bulk of loop of Henle extends into ______
medulla
65
Thin limbs are ____ in juxtamedullary nephrons & ____ in cortical nephrons
long; short
66
Thin limb of loop of Henle has ______ epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
67
thick limb of loop of Henle has _____ epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
68
Which part of loop of Henle has brush border of apical microvilli
Pars recta (thick descending limb)
69
Loop of Henle surrounded by peritubular capillary network called _____
vasa recta
70
Loop of Henle and it capillary network Functions to generate _______ in ECF of renal medulla via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
high osmotic pressure
71
How does loop of Henle and its capillary network generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla?
via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
72
Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by proximal convoluted tubule in cortex leads to _____
cortico-medullary interstitial gradient
73
cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produces a ________ system of urine concentration—results in production of hypertonic urine
counter current(exchange) multiplier system
74
counter current(exchange) multiplier system results in production of ____ urine
hypertonic
75
Continuation of thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle; present within cortex
distal convoluted tubule
76
Simple cuboidal epithelium with short apical microvilli, but lacks distinct brush border
distal convoluted tubule
77
distal convoluted tubule is composed of _____ epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
78
Responsible for active resorption of Na & Cl, coupled with secretion of H & K ions
distal convoluted tubule
79
What are the 2 cell types that control distal convoluted tubule?
principle and intercalated cells
80
_____ cells resorb Na & water, secrete K in distal convoluted tubule
principal
81
_____ cells resorb K and secrete H
intercalated cells
82
Distal convoluted tubule is controlled by _____
aldosteroone
83
terminal portion of nephron
collecting tubule
84
several tubules converge to form larger _____; Visible as medullary rays, with thick, simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
collecting duct
85
What kind of epithelium make up collecting ducts?
Thich simple cuboidal to columnar cuboidal epithelium
86
collecting ducts converge at _____
renal papilla
87
Function in Na resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion & resorption•Contain both principal & intercalated cells
renal papilla
88
Epithelial cells of collecting duct normally ____ to water
impermeable
89
However, in presence of ADH(= vasopressin), secreted by posterior pituitary, collecting tubules become ____ and _____
permeable & will resorb water thru aquaporins
90
In conjunction with Loop of Henle & vasa recta, _____ forms counter-current exchange mechanism to concentrate urine
collecting tubule
91
_____ convoluted tubule ~2X as long as _____ convoluted tubule (& much more convoluted),
Proximal; distal
92
most tubules in cortex are ______
proximal convoluted tubules
93
_____ are more oval to elongate, with thinner, flatter (but still cuboidal) epithelium; Lighter staining cytoplasm, nuclei more prominent
Distal convoluted tubules
94
In medulla, see mostly _____ (smallest tubules, with squamous to cuboidal epithelium),
Loop of Henle
95
Combined baroreceptor (pressure) & chemoreceptor ([ion])•Specialized areas of afferent arteriole & distal convoluted tubule•Used to regulate systemic blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
96
JGA is Used to regulate systemic blood pressure via __________
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
97
______ thickened region on one side of distal convoluted tubule; Contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells; Chemoreceptor sensitive to changes in [Na] in filtrate
Macula densa
98
modified smooth Mm cells in wall of afferent arteriole; Act as baroreceptors; detect changes in blood pressure; Produce reninin response to ↓blood pressure(converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)
Juxtaglomerular cells
99
Flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles; Exact function unclear; provide structural support & phagocytosis; May assist in tubular glomerular feedback(by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to glomerular mesangial cells)
Extraglomerular mesangial cells—(= Goormaghtigh cells or Lacis cells)
100
decreased bp leads to ____ release from JG cell in afferent arterioles
renin
101
decreased bp leads to decreased ____
GFR
102
Decreased GFR leads to decreased
Na in distal convoluted tubule (macula densa)
103
_____ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
renin
104
____ converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
105
____ is a vasoconstricor that increases bp
angiotensin II
106
____ is synthesized by liver and is important in renin-angiotensin system
angiotensinogen
107
____ is produced by endothelial cells in lungs
ACE
108
What are the 3 ways angiotensin II increase bp?
Vasoconstriction, release aldosterone, and ADH secretion from posterior pituitary
109
Aldosterone is released from _____ of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
110
____increases water resorption from collecting tubule
ADH
111
____ causes resorption of Na & water from distal convoluted tubule => ↑bp
aldosterone
112
_____ prevent conversion of angiotensin I angiotensin II by blocking action of ACE preventing increase in bp
ACE-inhibitors
113
Muscular tubes, conduct urine from kidneys to bladder•Stellate or star-shaped lumen in X-S, lined by transitional epithelium thrown into folds•Fairly thick, fibro-elastic lamina propria
ureters
114
____ of ureters contains 3 layers of smooth Mm—inner longitudinal & outer circular, plus third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter
Muscularis externa
115
What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?
inner longitudinal & outer circular, plus third outermost longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter
116
____ Produce peristaltic contractions to move urine
3 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa
117
____ has Surrounding fibroelastic adventitia of connective tissue
ureter
118
Lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium) with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria
urinary bladder
119
Three openings define _____ of bladder, two for entry of urine from ureters & one for exit of urine via urethra (surrounded by internal sphincter of smooth Mm)
trigone area
120
How many exits are there in urinary bladder?
1
121
How many entries are there in urinary bladder?
2
122
Exit for urine via urethra is surrounded by ______ of smooth muscle
internal sphincter
123
____ and ___ have the same 3 smooth muscle layers in muscularis externa
ureters and urinary bladder
124
Peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder covered by ______
fibroblastic adventitia (= serosa)
125
Transfers urine from bladder to outside world; in humans, ~3-5 cm in female, 20 cm in male•Lined by stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium (occasionally squamous), with paraurethral mucus glands
Urethra
126
Urethra is lined by what type of epithelium?
Lined by stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
127
What are the 3 sections of epithelium in male urethra?
prostatic, membranous, and spongy
128
Prostatic urethra lined by ____ epithelium, like bladder; remaining portions columnar
transitional epithelium
129
____ are more susceptible to bladder infections because of short urethra
Females
130
Bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection => rbc’s, wbc’s, bacteria in urine, painful/ burning urination
cystitis, pyelonephritis
131
How do you treat cystitis, pyelonephritis?
antibiotics/antifungals
132
How do you diagnose cystitis, pyelonephritis?
Urine culture
133
Excretion of protein in urine (usually albumin)
= proteinuria
134
Urination is also called
micturition
135
Excretion of glucose in urine =
glucosuria
136
glucosuria leads to _____
diabetes mellitus
137
↑frequency of urination
(polyuria—PU)
138
frequency of drinking
(polydypsia—PD)
139
(polydypsia—PD) and polyuria (PU) leades to
diabetes insipidus
140
diabetes insipidus is due to _____ insufficiency that leads to high volume dilute (hypotonic) urine
ADH
141
T/F: Various drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine, may precipitate as crystals
True
142
____ measures renal function; indirect measure of renal disease
BUN(blood test)
143
BUN Doesn’t ↑until ~75% of functional nephrons lost which is a sign of ____
=> uremia
144
Crystal, stone formation => urinary calculi
(nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis)
145
~80% of stones are made of _____
calcium oxalate
146
dilation of renal pelvis caused by stone
hydronephrosis,
147
stone getting lodged in ureter
hydroureter
148
How are nehprolithiasis diagnosed?
ultrasound
