Urinary System Flashcards
Principle organ system responsible for water & electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation, & acid-base balance
Urinary system
_____ system has 1’ secretory function—excretion of toxic & metabolic waste products, especially ________
Urinary system; urea & creatinine
1’ nitrogenous waste product in mammals; soluble
Urea
Is urea soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?
Yes; 2
Is uric acid soluble and how many nitrogens does it have?
No; 3
includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, etc.)
BUN—blood urea nitrogen
____ functions in Metabolism & excretion of various drugs (e.g., abx)
Urinary system
Kidneys synthesize ____ & maintain normal bp via ______ system
renin; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
____ produced by kidney; stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
Erythropoietin
_____ converted from inactive to active form by liver & kidney
Vit D
Kidneys are _____ organs with ______ capsule
retroperitoneal; fibrous connective tissue
Blood vessels & ureters enter/ exit at _____
hilus
Each kidney supplied by _____ ,
renal A
renal A branches to form ___
interlobar Aa
interlobar Aa branches to form_____
arcuate Aa
arcuate Aa branches to form ____
interlobular Aa
then interlobular Aa give off ______ to _____
affarent arterioles to glomeruli
Arcuate arteries are located at _____
corticomedullary junction
Kidney divided into outer ____& inner ____
cortex; medulla
Cortex contains mostly _____ and ______
renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules
Medulla contains mostly _____, _____, and _____
loops of Henle, collecting tubules & collecting ducts
_____ is unique to urinary tract—varying # of layers—stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= “umbrella cells”)•Highly distensible; allows for changing urine volumes
Transitional epithelium
Functional unit of kidney ______ ~1 million/ each human kidney
nephron
Nephron is Embryologically derived from ______, part of developing ______
nephrogenic blastema; urogenital ridge
How many types of neurons are there?
3
_______ nephrons located in outer rim of cortex; have short loops of Henle
cortical or subcapsular nephrons
____ nephrons adjacent to medulla; have long loops of Henle
juxtamedullary nephrons
_____ nephrons in middle of cortex; have intermediate length loops of Henle
intermediate nephrons
What are the 2 major components of nephrons?
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
Part of nephron that filters blood plasma
Renal corpuscle
Part of nephron that collects filtrate
renal tubule
Each renal corpuscle has 2 components called
Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus
_____ single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (= parietal layer)
Capsule
_____ Forms hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus
parietal layer
Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as ______
visceral layer
Cells of visceral layer highly modified, called
podocytes
Space between visceral and parietal layers is called
Bowman’s space
_____ collects glomerular filtrate, empties into renal tubule
Bowman’s space
Network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries within kidney
Glomerulus
The glomerulus is Supplied arterial blood by _____ and ____
afferent & efferent arterioles
Blood plasma passes through several cell layers to become_____
filtrate
water & small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space
filtrate
First layer of glomerulus consists of ______ and ______
capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus & glomerular basement membrane
Luminal surface of capillary endothelium in glomerulus is negatively charged due to surface layer of glycoprotein called _______—sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules
podocalyxin
______ acts as physical barrier & ion-selective filter
Glomerular basement membrane
Space between capillary basement membrane & second layer of cells (podocytes) is called the _______
subpodocyte space
______ surround glomerular capillaries, possess cytoplasmic extensions known as ______
Podocytes; foot processes
T/F: Long 1’ foot processes give off short 2’ foot processes(= pedicels)
True
Spaces between foot processes are ____—~40 nm in diameter
filtration slits
filtration slits contain _______ that are made of a protein called ______
slit diaphragms; nephrin
Act as additional barrier, function to restrict passage of large macromolecules (MW > 69K), proteins, negatively charged molecules, & blood cells
slit diaphragms
T/F: Podocytes have phagocytic function & can remove trapped macromolecules
True
The resultant glomerular ultrafiltrate is passed to _____
renal tubule
What are the 4 distinct zones of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule•Loop of Henle•Distal convoluted tubule•Collecting tubule/duct•
What kind of epithelium makes up the renal tubule?
simple cuboidal epithelium
1’ function of ______ is selective resorption of water, inorganic ions (Na & bicarbonate) & large molecules (e.g., AA’s, proteins, glucose) from glomerular filtrate
renal tubule
the ____ also functions in Concentration of waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine, excess H+ & K+)
renal tubule
_____ of renal tubule is Confined to cortex and is facilitated by aquaporins
proximal convoluted tubule
the ____ of renal tubule is the 1’ site of water resorption; resorbs ~75% of water & ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate; Also resorbs all proteins, AA’s, & sugars (glucose)
proximal convoluted tubule