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Histology Exam 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Communicates via chemical messengers (hormones), secretory products of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing receptors

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

_____ organs composed of secretory cells of epithelial origin, characterized by prominent nuclei & numerous organelles; Lack ducts & secrete hormones into surrounding interstitial space; Possess rich blood supply with fenestrated capillary networks to absorb & transport hormones; integrate function of physiologic systems

A

Endocrine organs

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3
Q

______ coordinates endocrine functions of body—acts as intermediary between autonomic nervous system & end

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

T/F: Most endocrine glands form discreet organs

A

True

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5
Q

specialized appendage of brain; Lies beneath third ventricle in sella turcica(“Turkish saddle”) of sphenoid bone

A

Pituitary gland (= hypophysis)

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6
Q

Secretion of pituitary hormones controlled by ______, with complex blood supply

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

allows communication with hypothalamus from pituitary gland

A

hypophyseal portal system

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8
Q

Hypothalamus controls secretion of anterior pituitary via _________ (hormones)—

A

hypothalamic regulating factors

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9
Q

Releasing factors _____ secretion

A

stimulate

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10
Q

inhibitory factors ____ secretion

A

inhibit

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11
Q

_____ hormones have non-endocrine target organ

A

Direct acting hormones

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12
Q

GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin are ___ hormones

A

Direct acting hormones

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13
Q

_____ hormones target organ is another endocrine gland

A

trophic hormones

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14
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH are ____ hormones

A

trophic hormones

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15
Q

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, & gonads all _________ endocrine glands

A

pituitary-dependent

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16
Q

_____ portion of pituitary contains glandular epithelial tissue

A

Anterior portion

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17
Q

____ portion of pituitary contains neural secretory tissue

A

posterior portion

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18
Q

Specialized glandular tissue, arises from evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called Rathke’s pouch

A

Anterior pituitary: “Master gland” (=adenohypophysis = pars anterior = pars distalis)

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19
Q

Anterior pituitary arises from portion of pharynx called ____ ; oral ectoderm that migrates to brain

A

Rathke’s pouch

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20
Q

What are the 3 portions of Rathke’s pouch?

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

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21
Q

Portion of Rathke’s pouch that is bulk of anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis

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22
Q

Portion of Rathke’s pouch that is thin layer between anterior & posterior pituitary; Secretes MSH & ACTH; Frequently contains cystic remnants of Rathke’s pouch

A

pars intermedia

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23
Q

Portion of Rathke’s pouch that is extension of anterior pituitary; forms collar ~pituitary stalk (=infundibulum)

A

pars tuberalis

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24
Q

_____ (portion of anterior pituitary) secretes bulk of pituitary hormones, including both direct acting & trophic hormones

A

Pars distalis

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25
Q

Direct acting hormones secreted by pars distalis

A

GH & prolactin

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26
Q

Trophic hormones secreted by pars distalis

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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27
Q

Secretory cells of anterior pituitary traditionally classified as ____ or _____

A

chromophils (which stain) or chromophobes (don’t)

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28
Q

Do chromophils stain?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Do chromophobes stain?

A

No

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of chromophils?

A

Acidophils and Basophils

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31
Q

stain with acidic dye; pink on H&E

A

Acidophils

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32
Q

stain with basic dye; pale blue to light purple on H&E

A

Basophils

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33
Q

small cells, don’t take up either dye, clear on H&E; represent inactive cells

A

Chromophobes

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs and Mammotrophs

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of basophils?

A

Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, and Corticotrophs

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36
Q

Acidophil: ~50% of cells; sec GH

A

Somatotrophs

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37
Q

Acidophil: ~20% of cells; secrete prolactin (controls lactation)

A

Mammotrophs— (= lactotrophs)

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38
Q

Basophil: ~5% of cells; secrete TSH (= thyrotropin)

A

Thyrotrophs

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39
Q

Basophil: ~5% of cells; secrete FSH & LH

A

Gonadotrophs

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40
Q

Basophil: ~20% of cells; secrete ACTH, MSH, endorphins

A

Corticotrophs

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41
Q

Where are the cell bodies of posterior pituitary neurons?

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

Axons of posterior pituitary are surrounded by support cells called

A

pituicytes

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43
Q

Located ventral to hypothalamus(plus short stalk, infundibulum, which contains axons of neurosecretory origin)•Consists of downgrowth of nervous tissue from floor of diencephalon (third ventricle)

A

Posterior pituitary

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44
Q

Secretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalamus known as _____(regulated by hypothalamic hypophyseal feedback loop)

A

neurosecretion

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45
Q

Hypothalamus secretes what 2 hormones via posterior pituitary

A

ADH(= vasopressin) & oxytocin

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46
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones are Stored in neurosecretory granules in dilations of axons of posterior pituitary known as

A

Herring bodies

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47
Q

controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules

A

ADH

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48
Q

production of ADH => __ urine production (as in diabetes insipidus)

A

↑ urine production

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49
Q

ADH is Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in _____ of hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus

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50
Q

promotes smooth Mm contraction in uterus & breast (especially during labor & lactation)

A

Oxytocin

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51
Q

Oxytocin is Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in _______ of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus

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52
Q

Bilateral, lobulated, endocrine gland on anterior/ventral neck; L & R sides connected by narrow isthmus; Surrounded by loose connective tissue capsule with fine connective tissue septa; Embryologically derived from epithelial downgrowth of fetal tongue

A

Thyroid glands

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53
Q

L & R sides of thymus connected by ____

A

narrow isthmus

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54
Q

Thyroid gland unique among endocrine glands in storage of large amounts of inactive hormone, an eosinophilic glycoprotein colloid called _____

A

thyroglobulin

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55
Q

thyroglobulin stored in extracellular _____; structural units of thyroid gland, lined by simple, cuboidal epithelium

A

follicles

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56
Q

______ cells concentrate iodine 30-40X blood levels, secrete it as thyroglobulin via apical microvilli

A

Follicular epithelial cells

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57
Q

____ leads to an active thyroid hormone

A

Iodination

58
Q

What are the 2 active hormones secreted by thyroid?

59
Q

T4 is _____ in liver to form T3

A

deiodinated

60
Q

___ is more potent biologically active thyroid hormone; regulates BMR

61
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development impairs _____ and ______—results in physical stunting & mental retardation (cretinism)

A

neural development & myelination

62
Q

Secondary secretory cells in thyroid gland are called _______ cells; Located at periphery of follicles, or scattered within connective tissue; In lower vertebrates, make up separate organ

A

parafollicular cells (= C cells, clear cells)

63
Q

C cells secrete ____

A

calcitonin

64
Q

regulate blood Ca levels along with parathyroid hormone↓ serum Ca, inhibits osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

65
Q

Synthesis, storage & release of thyroid hormones under control of ___ from anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

66
Q

(enlargement of thyroid) that may be due to hyper or hypo thyroidism

67
Q

increase in number & size of follicle cells of thyroid

A

Hyperthyroidism

68
Q

autoimmune rxn; results in ↓ in size of glandInsufficient dietary iodine => ↓ TH production, possible hypertrophy with non-functional thyroglobulin

A

Hyopthyroidism

69
Q

Small, oval endocrine glands associated with thyroid•Usually two pairs in mammals (superior & inferior),present on posterior surface of thyroid gland•Embryologically derived from third & fourth branchial (pharyngeal) pouches

A

Parathyroid gland

70
Q

Parathyroid secretes ____ that regulates serum Ca and P; antagonistic to calcitonin

A

parathyroid hormone - PTH

71
Q

_____ slowly ↑ serum Ca;

A

parathyroid hormone

72
Q

____ rapidly ↓ serum Ca

A

calcitonin

73
Q

PTH increases serum Ca in what 3 ways?

A

↑ osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblasts)•↑ renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys (& inhibits resorption of phosphate)•↑ Ca absorption from gut via Vit D

74
Q

Parathyroid hormone secretion stimulated by _____ in blood Ca

A

↓ in blood Ca

75
Q

Damage or removal of parathyroid gland in surgical removal of thyroid leads to _____

A

Hypoparathyroidism

76
Q

excess PTH production=> bony erosion & lysis

A

Hyperparathyroidism

77
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in parathyroid gland?

A

Chief and Oxyphil cells

78
Q

(PT cells) most abundant, secrete parathyroid hormoneStain clear to light pink, with dark nuclei & moderate amount of cytoplasm

A

Chief (principal) cells

79
Q

(PT cells) larger, less numerous, stain dark pink, with more cytoplasmOccur in clusters; contain large # of mitochondria, but no secretory vessicles; function unknown

A

Oxyphil cells

80
Q

Located superior to kidneys•Covered by thin connective tissue capsule•In mammals, single endocrine gland with two different embryological origins•In lower vertebrates, medulla & cortex are two separate glands

A

Adrenal gland (suprarenal gland)

81
Q

mesodermal embryological origin, similar to gonads

A

Adrenal cortex

82
Q

Steroid hormones structurally related to _____ precursor

A

cholesterol

83
Q

Adrenal cortex Regulated by ___ secreted by anterior pituitary

84
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of adrenal hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones

85
Q

control electrolyte & fluid balanceRegulate Na & K levels via Na pumps, especially in renal tubules; Regulates blood pressure via JGA (e.g., aldosterone)

A

Mineralocorticoids

86
Q

Stimulate gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis—both ↑ blood glucoseAlso ↑ metabolism & breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, & lipids (e.g., cortisol)

A

Glucocorticoids

87
Q

very small amount; supplement gonadal production (e.g., androgens)

A

Sex hormones

88
Q

What are the 3 layers of adrenal cortex from superficial ot deep?

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis

89
Q

~15% of cortex: thin, dark-staining band; Secretes mineralocorticoids, e.g., aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

90
Q

~80% of cortex; broad, light-staining band Contains cells called spongiocytes Secrete glucocorticoids; e.g., cortisol; Small amounts of androgens also secreted

A

Zona fasciculata

91
Q

~5% of cortex; thin, dark-staining band; Secretes small quantities of androgens & glucocorticoids

A

Zona reticularis

92
Q

Zona fasciculata Contains cells called ____

A

spongiocytes

93
Q

____ promotes secretion of cortisol, which ↓ immune response

94
Q

•Failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone(mineralo- & glucocorticoids),•Usually due to atrophy of gland (often caused by autoimmune disease)

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

95
Q

↓ ______ => ↓ ECF volume, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, mild acidosis => shock, death

A

aldosterone

96
Q

↓ _____ => ↓ blood glucose

97
Q

Treatment of Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

A

exogenous administration of mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids

98
Q

______ is Due to general adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor of adrenal cortex => excess cortisol secretion

A

Primary adrenal hyperadrenocorticism

99
Q

______ is Due to ↑ ACTH from anterior pituitary(pituitary tumor, e.g., adenoma or carcinoma)or other cortisol-producing tumor

A

Secondary pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, aka “Classical form”)

100
Q

↑ _____ secretion => adrenal hyperplasia & excess cortisol secretion

101
Q

Embryologically originates from neuroectoderm; Contains chromaffin cells; Controlled directly by preganglionic, sympathetic nerve fibers

A

Adrenal medulla

102
Q

Adrenal medulla Contains ________—modified, post-ganglionic neuronal cells with secretory function (epithelioid in appearance)•

A

chromaffin cells

103
Q

Chromaffin cells secrete _____

A

catecholamines

104
Q

What are the catecholamines secreted by adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

105
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stored in cytoplasmic granules called _______

A

dense core granules

106
Q

T/F: Catecholamine release has systemic effect on adrenergic receptors throughout body (especially skeletal, cardiac, & smooth Mm)

107
Q

____promotes glycogenolysis in liver as energy source & is responsible for production of enkephalins—endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief

A

Adrenaline

108
Q

______ endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief

A

enkephalins

109
Q

Generally benign, functional tumor of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla; Symptoms due to ↑ epi & norepi secretion, including:•Hypertension, headache, cardiac arrhythmias, chest pain, anxiety, panic attacks, nausea•Tx: Sx removal of tumor

A

Pheochromocytoma

110
Q

Bulk of pancreas contains _____ acini

111
Q

____ acini of pancreas—secrete digestive products into gut

112
Q

_____ cells migrate from duct sys & aggregate around capillaries of pancreas, form islets of Langerhans

113
Q

endocrine cells migrate from duct sys & aggregate around capillaries of pancreas, form ________ Distributed throughout exocrine pancreatic tissue

A

islets of Langerhans

114
Q

What are the 3 main cell types of islet cells of pancreas?

A

alpha, beta, delta

115
Q

___ cells of pancreas—secrete glucagon; ↑blood glucose, stimulates glucogenesis & glycogenolysis

A

α-cells (~15-20%)

116
Q

____ cells of pancreas secrete insulin; ↓ blood glucose & stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis

A

β-cells (~70%)

117
Q

____ cells of pancreas secrete somatostatin; inhibits both insulin & glucagon production

A

δ-cells (~5-10%)

118
Q

insulin deficiency/abnormality leads to ____

A

diabetes mellitus

119
Q

______ is Characterized by hyperglycemia (↑ blood glucose) & glucosuria (glucose in urine)

A

diabetes mellitus

120
Q

↑ blood glucose

A

hyperglycemia

121
Q

glucose in urine

A

glucosuria

122
Q

Type _____ DM: juvenile diabetes (↓ insulin production)

123
Q

Type ____ DM: adult onset diabetes (↓ # of insulin receptors or ↓ responsiveness)

124
Q

Located anterodorsal to cerebellum•Develops from neuroectoderm as evagination of posterior portion of third ventricle, from roof of diencephalon•Communicates with hypothalamus; acts as photoreceptor in lower vertebrates•Translates light intensity & duration (photoperiod) into endocrine activity—important in circadian rhythms & seasonal reproductive cycles

A

Pineal gland

125
Q

_____ secretes melatonin and serotonin

A

pineal gland

126
Q

______ (stimulates melanophores,chromatophores (pigment-containing cells) => change in color intensity with reproductive cycle

127
Q

_____ leads to ↓ GNRH from hypothalamus => ↓ sex hormone secretion from gonads

128
Q

___ has anti-gonadal effect to decrease sex activity

129
Q

most common cell in pineal glandHighly modified neurons; secrete melatonin & serotonin

A

Pinealocytes (= pineal chief cells)

130
Q

support cells such as astrocytes, microglial cells

A

Neuroglial cells (= interstitial cells)

131
Q

What are the 2 cell types in pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes and Neuroglial cells

132
Q

Calcified accretions of _____ and ____ in aging individuals in pineal gland

A

Ca & Mg phosphate

133
Q

T/F: There is A variety of endocrine cells scattered in the mucosa of GI, respiratory tract, & other organs

134
Q

______ cells Secrete peptide & amine hormones (e.g., gastrin, secretin, CCK, serotonin)

135
Q

Cells that have similar ultrastructure and metabolic pathway for endocrine pathway in GI and respiratory tracts

A

APUD cells

136
Q

Most of endocrine cells in GI and respiratory system are mostly derived embryologically from ____

A

neural crest

137
Q

Neuroendocrine cells are derived from ___

A

neural crest

138
Q

Enteroendocrine cells are derived from ____

139
Q

Both _____ and ____ produce amine or peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, with neurosecretory granules & hormone-like activity

A

enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine

140
Q

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla(epinephrine & norepinephrine), thyroid C cells (calcitonin), pancreatic islets (insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin) are examples of ______ system

141
Q

_____ cells in GI & respiratory tracts have a variety of secretory products like gastrin, CCK, VIP, substance P, serotonin, bombesin

A

Enteroendocrine

Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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