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Histology Exam 3 > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

____ and ____ Embryological outgrowths of primitive gut; Function as accessory digestive organs

A

Liver and pancreas

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2
Q

____ is largest gland & internal organ—divided into 4 lobes (L, R, caudate, & quadrate)

A

Liver

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3
Q

Detoxification of metabolic waste (e.g., deamination of AA’s urea)•Metabolism & detoxification of drugs & toxins (e.g., alcohol, abx)•Destruction of senescent rbc’s•Recycling of Hb via synthesis & secretion of bile•Synthesis of plasma proteins (clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins)•Miscellaneous metabolic functions (e.g., glycogen synthesis & storage, gluconeogenesis) are the main functions of the _____

A

Liver

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4
Q

External surface of liver covered by a ____ called ______

A

connective tissue capsule; Glisson’s capsule

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5
Q

Monosaccharides & AA’s from digestion enter liver via ____; carries 75-80% of body’s deoxygenated blood to liver; also carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from diet to liver to be conjugated or detoxified

A

hepatic portal V

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6
Q

Oxygenated blood supplied to liver by

A

hepatic A

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7
Q

hepatic A is a branch of

A

celiac trunk

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8
Q

hepatic A turn into _____ in hepatic lobules

A

portal Aa

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9
Q

Carries only ~20-25% of blood to liver; mixes with unoxygenated blood from portal V to perfuse liver cells

A

portal Aa

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10
Q

T/F: Liver is a nutrient rich, but O2 poor environment

A

True

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11
Q

Venous drainage of lobules via _____ which empties into ____

A

central Vv; hepatic V

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12
Q

liver cells are called

A

hepatocytes

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13
Q

Most _____ diploid, but some polyploid &/or binucleate

A

hepatocytes

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14
Q

Contain large #’s of cytoplasmic granules (rER & lysosomal products) & storage products

A

hepatocytes

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15
Q

Aging hepatocytes accumulate brown pigment called

A

lipofuscin

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16
Q

Individual hepatocytes polygonal, arranged in anastomosing _____

A

cords

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17
Q

Individual hepatocytes polygonal, arranged in anastomosing cords paralleled by ________

A

venous sinusoids

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18
Q

Sinusoids lined by ________ cells, a discontinuous endothelium, with gaps between endothelial cells

A

sinusoidal lining cells

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19
Q

Between sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes is ______ continuous with lymphatics

A

space of Disse(= perisinusoidal space)

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20
Q

Hepatic cords & sinusoids supported by ____ fibers

A

reticulin (type III collagen)

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21
Q

Within sinusoids & space of Disse are phagocytic _____

A

Kupffer cells (Mφ)

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22
Q

Occasional _____ between hepatocytes—fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for Vit A & D storage

A

Ito cells

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23
Q

Cords of hepatocytes arranged in ____

A

lobules

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24
Q

Classic lobule is arranged based on _____

A

blood flow

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25
Q

Classic lobule—based on blood flow; roughly hexagonal, with ____ in middle of lobule

A

central V (= centrilobular V, terminal hepatic venule)

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26
Q

Outer margin of each lobule delimited by _____

A

thin, connective tissue septum

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27
Q

______ are located at each “corner”, contain portal A, V, L, & bile duct

A

Portal tracts/ triads

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28
Q

What do the portal tracts contain?

A

portal A, V, L and bile duct

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29
Q

Blood enters from _____, percolates through sinusoids of lobule, drains via _____

A

portal tracts; central V

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30
Q

triangular area; based on bile flow (opposite to blood flow)

A

Portal lobule

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31
Q

Portal lobule is based on _____

A

Bile flow

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32
Q

_____ has portal triad in center and central veins at corners

A

portal lobule

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33
Q

diamond–shaped region between neighboring central Vv

A

Acinus

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34
Q

In Acinus lobule organization, _____ located along longitudinal axis, with ______ at sides

A

Central Vv; portal tracts

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35
Q

Combines aspects of blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism & pathology

A

Acinus organization of liver lobules

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36
Q

T/F: Hepatocytes in different zones of acinus lobules have different metabolic environments

A

True

37
Q

Zone of acinus lobule organization of liver closest to portal tract, receives mostoxygenated blood;also most susceptible to toxic injury

A

Zone 1—(perilobular zone = periportal)

38
Q

Zone of acinus lobule organization of liver that is the intermediate zone

A

Zone 2

39
Q

Zone of acinus lobule organization of liver furthest from portal tract, closest to central VReceives least oxygenated blood; most susceptible to ischemic injury

A

Zone 3—(centrolobular zone)

40
Q

Liver functions in detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites (e.g., ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via _______ , or ________

A

microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER; peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

41
Q

A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease is _____•Characterized by hepatic degeneration & necrosis, followed by fibrosis & nodular regeneration

A

cirrhosis

42
Q

associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis, blockage of blood flow)

A

Portal hypertension

43
Q

T/F: Liver has ability to regenerate

A

Liver has ability to regenerate

44
Q

Is liver an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Both

45
Q

____ (Endocrine/Exocrine) functions of _____ (organ) include Synthesis of plasma proteins (e.g., fibrinogen, urea, albumin, prothrombin)–Synthesis of glucose–Gluconeogenesis (from non-carbohydrate sources, e.g., AA’s & lipids)–Storage & release of glycogen, lipids & lipoproteins–Vit A & D storage

A

Endocrine; liver

46
Q

Exocrine (secretory) function of liver is _____ synthesis

A

bile synthesis

47
Q

___ is emulsifying agent, facilitates hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases

A

Bile

48
Q

Adult human liver secretes ____ bile/ day

A

~1 liter

49
Q

Bile flow from liver ↑ by hormones such as _____ from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

A

secretin, CCK, & gastrin from enteroendocrine cells

50
Q

Bile synthesized by _____ & secreted into network of ______

A

hepatocytes; bile canaliculi

51
Q

Small canals between hepatocytes, formed by grooves in plasma membranes of adjacent cells

A

bile canaliculi

52
Q

Direction of bile flow ______ to blood flow, from canaliculi, in series of progressively larger ducts

A

opposite

53
Q

What ducts are seen in portal triads in liver?

A

Bile ducts

54
Q

What ducts are larger and scattered throughout parenchyma?

A

Intrahepatic ducts

55
Q

Bile eventually enters duodenum at ______ following period of storage & modification in ______

A

major duodenal papilla; gallbladder

56
Q

Muscular sac located in depression along surface of liver•Used to store & concentrate bile; volume ~100 ml

A

Gallbladder

57
Q

Gallbladder is lined by _____ epithelium with _____ used for resorption of water

A

simple columnar epithelium; apical microvilli

58
Q

Gallbladder lacks what layer?

A

Muscularis mucosae

59
Q

Lamina propria of gallbladder is highly folded with occasional ________

A

tubuloalveolar mucus glands

60
Q

______ stimulates contraction of gallbladder

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

61
Q

Water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol + phospholipids (= lecithin), bile acids (= bile salts) & bile pigments are the components of ____

A

bile

62
Q

____is best known bile pigment—non-sol breakdown product of Hb

A

Bilirubin

63
Q

water-soluble form of bilirubin, conjugated with glucuronide

A

Bilirubin glucuronide

64
Q

Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide => accumulation of bile pigments & ____

A

jaundice

65
Q

Supersaturation of bile => ____ which are primarily cholesterol and calcium salts

A

gallstones (biliary calculi, cholelithiasis)

66
Q

Obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) =>____ or _____ if severe

A

bile stasis, or jaundice (icterus)

67
Q

Chronic inflammation of gallbladder =>

A

cholecystitis

68
Q

Following Sx, unable to concentrate bile; need to limit ingestion of ____

A

fats

69
Q

Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule, located in bend of duodenum

A

Pancreas

70
Q

Embryological outgrowth of primitive gut•Both exocrine & endocrine components—

A

Pancreas

71
Q

Ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue located in ___

A

islets of Langerhans

72
Q

Most of pancreas is _____ —a compound, acinar, serous gland•

A

exocrine (i.e., with ducts)

73
Q

(Pancreas) Densely packed serous _____ contain pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a central lumen (duct)

A

acini

74
Q

Acinar cells of pancreas contain ______ like trypsinogen, amylase, and lipase

A

zymogen granules (inactive enzyme precursors)

75
Q

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are ____

A

proteases

76
Q

amylase breaks down

A

carbohydrates

77
Q

lipases digest ____

A

lipids

78
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipases Empty into ____(add bicarbonate & water to pancreatic sections; neutralize acidic chyme from stomach => optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes)

A

intercalated ducts

79
Q

Duct cells that form beginning of intercalated duct sometimes visible in center of acini, called _____

A

centro-acinar cells

80
Q

Intercalated ducts empty into larger ____

A

intralobular ducts

81
Q

intralobular ducts empty into larger _____

A

interlobular (=extralobular) ducts

82
Q

Pancreatic secretions enter duodenum via ______ at ______

A

pancreatic duct at major duodenal papilla

83
Q

Principle regulators of exocrine pancreas— _______

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

84
Q

secreted by “G” cells of pyloric stomach; stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid

A

gastrin

85
Q

secreted by “S” cells; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts

A

secretin

86
Q

secreted by “I” cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens

A

CCK (cholecystokinin = pancreozymin)

87
Q

converts trypsinogen trypsin (within small intestine), which converts chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin (digests proteins)Cascade rxn prevents pancreas from digesting itself

A

enterokinase

88
Q

autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism•Cascade rxn breaks down =>Premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin & autolysis•Severe, acute ____ can be fatal within hours

A

Pancreatitis

Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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