Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the urinary system involved in regulating?

A

The composition od the blood by removing wastes, the volume of blood by removing or retaining water, the pH of the blood by removing H+ ions and blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the mammalian urinary system consist of?

A

Left and right kidneys, left and right ureters, bladder, urethra, renal arteries and veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

They carry out the work of the urinary system, including excretion of wastes from the blood. They also regulate blood volume, blood pressure and release hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the glands that sit on each kidney called?

A

Adrenal glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder called?

A

Ureters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the tube that excretes urine from the bladder called?

A

Urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the muscle that holds the urethra shut?

A

The sphincter muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Microscopic units that filter blood and remove wastes from it. The fluid excreted by the kidneys is called urine. They are 3cm long, one end is closed and the other opens into a collecting duct. The closed end forms the nephron capsule. The rest of the tubule is coiled and closely associated with the blood capillary network.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the outer capsule of the kidney called?

A

Renal capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the inner centre of the kidney called?

A

Renal pelvis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the outer layer inside the kidney called?

A

Cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the petal-shaped bits in the internal centre of the kidney called?

A

Medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is urine produced?

A

Filtration under pressure in nephron capsule, selective reabsorption in tubules, active secretion into tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do nephrons work?

A

Blood is brought to the nephron capsule for filtration. Filtrate is formed which moves along the tubule. Much of the water and other useful substaces in the filtrate are reabsorbed back into the blood capillary network. Certain ions and toxins may be actively secreted from the blood into the filtrate. The filtrate is gradually transformed into urine as it moves along the tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What substances are filtered from the blood into the nephron capsule?

A

Water, glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What substances are reabsorbed from the nephron tubule?

A

Water, glucose, amino acids.

17
Q

What substances are secreted into the nephron tubule?

A

Hydrogen ions, drugs.

18
Q

Are proteins and glucose found in normal urine?

A

No.

19
Q

What does normal urine consist of?

A

95% water, nitrogenous waste products of protein metabolism (e.g. urea, uric acid and creatinine), ions (Na+, K+, H+, HCO3-, Cl-) and some hormones.

20
Q

What happens when the bladder is full?

A

The stretch of the bladder wall signals to the animal to empty the bladder.

21
Q

What does urinalysis look at?

A

It looks at appearance of the urine so things like colour and turbidity/cloudiness. Urine may have a slightly cloudy appearance due to the pressence of mucus. Mucus is a normal constituent of horses’ urine giving it a charactistic cloudy appearance. Specific gravity - use a Refractomenter. Muiltisk- test for pH and the presence of glucose, protein, ketones, blood, bilirubin. Microscope - look for casts.

22
Q

How does the urinary system in a bird work?

A

Birds have kidneys (that are composed of many nephrons), which filter the blood and produce insoluble uric acid as their main waste, which is excreted in the form of a paste. This is a water-conserving and weight saving adaption. With no urinary bladder, bird’s urine empty from the ureters into the cloaca where it mixes with the faeces and is passed as a semi-solid mixture.

23
Q

Where is 2/3 of the body fluid’s found? How about the 1/3?

A

2/3 are found within the cells (ICF) and 1/3 is found outside the cells (ECF). Some extracellular fluids include tissue fluid, plasma, lymph, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), ear and eye fluids, secretions in the gut (e.g. saliva, gastric juice), sweat, urine sodium and chlorine ions.

24
Q

What are the main sources of water in the body?

A

Ingestion (fluids and moist food), metabolism (fats and carbohydrates).

25
Q

What are the four main routes for water loss? Which one is the only route that can be regulated to compensate for changes in water?

A

Kidneys from urine, digestive tract from faeces, respiratory tract from exhaled air and skin from sweat. Kidneys can can regulate fluid lost in urine.

26
Q

What are some abnormal losses of water.

A

Excessive amounts of dilute urine, vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive panting, profuse sweating, burns and haemorrhaging.

27
Q

How much water in the nephron is reabsorbed?

A

Over 90% of water is reabsorbed.

28
Q

Which hormone controls the amount of water that is reabsorbed? Which gland produces this?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The posterior pituitary gland.

29
Q

How does the body conserve water during dehydration?

A

When there is fluid loss, the pituitary gland releases ADH and targets the kidneys. The kidneys conserve water by reabsorbing it.

30
Q

What is the role of thirst in a dehydrated animal?

A

It makes a dehydrated animal try to find some water.