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NZ Vet Nursing: Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bone an example of?

A

Connective tissue that is specialised.

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2
Q

What does bone tissue consist of?

A

Osteocytes (bone cells) surrounded by minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and protein fibres (collagen).

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3
Q

What do minerals provide to bone?

A

They provide hardness and resistance to compression forces.

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4
Q

What does the protein fibres provide to bone?

A

They provide flexibility and resistance to shearing/sideways forces.

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5
Q

What is deposition?

A

When calcium and phosphate ions are taken up from the blood into the bone. This is done during bone growth in a juvenile, fracture healing and normal bone metabolism.

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6
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Where according to the body’s needs, calcium and phosphate ions are reabsorbed from the bone back into the blood.

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7
Q

Which factors influence bone metabolism?

A

Diet (calcium, phosphorus), hormones (growth hormones, PTH/calcitonin), exercise.

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8
Q

What vitamin is used to develop healthy bones?

A

Vitamin D.

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9
Q

What are the types of bones and an example of bone in each type?

A

Long, femur. Short, carpals. Irregular, vertebrae. Flat, scapula. Sesamoid, patella.

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10
Q

What two types of bone tissue is the skeleton made up of?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone.

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11
Q

What does compact bone consist of?

A

Bone cells embedded in a matrix of minerals and protein fibres. They are arranged in rings around the canal (Haversian canal) which carries blood vessels and nerves.

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12
Q

What does spongy bone consist of?

A

A loose network of bone tissue with spaces between filled with red bone marrow. it is lighter in weight than compact bone and is found under the compact bone in short, flat and irregular bones and at the ends (epiphyses) of long bones.

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13
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

It produces red blood cells.

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14
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

It stores energy.

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15
Q

What is the diaphysis or bone shaft?

A

It forms most of the length of a long bone, it is tubular with a cavity running through the middle. This cavity is also called the medullary cavity. The wall of the shaft is composed of compact bone.

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16
Q

What is the medullary cavity filled with?

A

Yellow bone marrow.

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17
Q

What does a hole through the bone tissue in a bone shaft allow for?

A

A passage for nerves and blood vessels.

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18
Q

What are the ends of the long bone called?

A

Epiphysis.

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19
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Ends of the long bone, it consists of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer later of compact bone

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20
Q

What is the epiphyseal growth plate? Where is it located?

A

It is a site where increases in the length of long bone occur. It’s in the epiphysis part of the long bone.

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21
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

It is a covering for bones where they are in contact with other bones.

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22
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

It reduces friction, absorbs shock and protects bone surfaces.

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23
Q

What is periosteum?

A

It’s a dense, connective tissue layer that covers all the surface of bone except for where articular cartilage is present.

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24
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

It allows connection of tendons and ligaments to the bone.

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25
Q

What are the rough areas on bone for?

A

These are places where muscle can attach.

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26
Q

What are tendons?

A

A type of connective tissue. These are thin sheets of dense, white fibrous tissue. Lack of blood supply makes tendons white. They connect muscle to bone.

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27
Q

What are ligaments?

A

A type of connective tissue. They are pale, elastic tissue. Lack of blood supply makes ligaments pale. They connect bone to bone across joints.

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28
Q

Where is the Achilles tendon located?

A

Ankle or tarsal region.

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29
Q

Where is the patellar tendon located?

A

Knee or stifle region.

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30
Q

Where is the nuchal ligament located?

A

Neck or cervical region.

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31
Q

Where is the cruciate ligament located?

A

Knee or stifle joint.

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32
Q

Where is the teres ligament located?

A

It crosses the hip or pelvic joint.

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33
Q

Where is the collateral ligaments located?

A

Knee or stifle joint.

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34
Q

Why do ligaments and tendons take a long time to heal?

A

Both have a limited blood supply.

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35
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, protection, locomotion and movement, storage of minerals, production of red blood cells and storage of energy.

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36
Q

How does the skeleton support?

A

It supports body organs and gives structure for muscles and other soft tissue.

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37
Q

How does the skeleton protect?

A

Protects internal organs like the ribcage protects the heart and lungs while the cranium protects the brain.

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38
Q

Which minerals does the skeleton store?

A

Calcium and phosphate ions.

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39
Q

Which bone do cats have that dogs do not?

A

A collar bone or clavicle.

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40
Q

What are the regions of the spine?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal.

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41
Q

Where is the cervical region of the spine located?

A

Neck.

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42
Q

Where is the thoracic region of the spine located?

A

Above ribs. Upper back.

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43
Q

Where is the lumbar region of the spine located?

A

Behind ribs and ends at the pelvis. Lower back.

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44
Q

Where is the sacral region of the spine located?

A

Above pelvis. Beginning of the tail.

45
Q

Where is the caudal region of the spine located?

A

Tail.

46
Q

What is the common name for the cranium?

A

The skull.

47
Q

What is the common name for the mandible?

A

The jaw bone.

48
Q

What is the first vertebrae attached to the skull?

A

Atlas.

49
Q

What is the second vertebrae after the atlas?

A

Axis.

50
Q

What is the common name for the clavicle?

A

Collar bone.

51
Q

What is the common name for the scapula?

A

Shoulder blade

52
Q

What is the humerous?

A

Upper arm bone.

53
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Bone in front of ribs that fuses them.

54
Q

What is are the ribs?

A

Thin, curved bones that protect the organs inside the thoracic cavity.

55
Q

What are the radius and ulna?

A

Bones which sit in the forearm. Radius is the front bone and ulna is behind.

56
Q

What are the carpals?

A

Bones located in the carpus joint.

57
Q

What are the metacarpals?

A

Bones located below the carpal bones but above the phalanges in the front leg or arm.

58
Q

What are the phalanges?

A

Finger or toe bones.

59
Q

What is the common name for the pelvis bone?

A

Hip.

60
Q

What is the femur?

A

A large bone in the thigh or upper leg.

61
Q

What is the common name for the patella?

A

Knee.

62
Q

What are the radius and ulna?

A

Bones which sit in the leg. tibia is the front bone and fibula is behind.

63
Q

What are the tarsals?

A

Bones located in the hock joint.

64
Q

What are the metatarsals?

A

Bones located below the tarsal bones but above the phalanges in the back leg.

65
Q

What is the function of teeth?

A

Grab food, brake it up and chew it.

66
Q

What is the function of a dog’s incisors?

A

They can grip and strip off small pieces of flesh close to the bone.

67
Q

What is the function of a dog’s canines?

A

Long and sharp. These can penetrate, hold and kill prey.

68
Q

What is the function of a dog’s carnassial teeth?

A

With their sharp cutting edges, they can act like sheers, slicing off flesh and cracking bones.

69
Q

What is the function of a dog’s molars?

A

Due to the more flattened surfaces, they are good for crushing bones and grinding flesh to smaller pieces.

70
Q

What order should a dental formula write the different types of teeth in?

A

Number of incisors, number of canines, number of premolars and number of molars.

71
Q

What do the top and bottom rows on a dental formula show?

A

The top row is the upper jaw, the bottom row is the lower jaw.

72
Q

How are numbers on dental formulas counted?

A

Only from one side of the jaw, both upper and lower.

73
Q

How can the total number of teeth in an animal be worked out from a dental formula?

A

Go along doubling numbers in the top row, then double the numbers in the bottom row. Add up all the numbers together to get the total amount of teeth.

74
Q

What is the purpose of the gap or diastema on the bottom jaw of a sheep?

A

Gives room for the tongue to manipulate the food.

75
Q

How many vertebrae in each region of the spine do dogs have?

A

7 cervical, 14 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral and 20-23 caudal.

76
Q

How many vertebrae in each region of the spine do cats have?

A

7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral and 20-23 caudal.

77
Q

How many vertebrae in each region of the spine do horses have?

A

7 cervical, 18 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 5 sacral and 15-18 caudal.

78
Q

What’s another name for the caudal region of the spine?

A

Coccygeal.

79
Q

What are vertebrae?

A

A long series of bones in the spine which make a long, flexible chain called the vertebrae column.

80
Q

What are the functions of vertebrae?

A

Protection of the spinal cord, provides a longitudinal framework for the body. The many muscles that attach to the spines of the vertebrae make support and movement of the body possible.

81
Q

Which vertebrae are often fused?

A

Sacral vertebrae.

82
Q

How are the atlas and axis different from other vertebrae in the spine?

A

They are highly modified to support and allow movement of the head.

83
Q

What are the different parts of a vertebrae?

A

Transverse processes on the vertebrae, neural canal, body,

84
Q

What does the body of the vertebrae do?

A

The body gives strength and surface for the disk. The body bears the weight of the animal

85
Q

What does the neural canal of the vertebrae do?

A

Allows passage for the spinal cord and protects it.

86
Q

What do the transverse processes on the vertebrae do?

A

Serves as points of attachment of muscles.

87
Q

What does the dorsal spine do?

A

Serves as points of attachment of muscles.

88
Q

What is the difference between a bird and a mammal sternum?

A

Mammals have flat sternums, in birds, it is deep, blade-like bone. In birds, it runs down the ventral mid-line of the chest, it’s called a keel and is very important for attachment of flight muscles.

89
Q

What other adaptions to a bird’s skeleton makes it more suitable for flight?

A

Lightweight, thin bones that aren’t very dense.

90
Q

What is the material that attaches the ventral ends of some ribs to the sternum?

A

Costal cartilage.

91
Q

What does the pelvis do?

A

Transmits the push of the hind legs to the rest of the body.

92
Q

What are the three bones in the pelvis?

A

Three paired fused bones; the ilium, ischium and pubis.

93
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

A large socket in the hip which forms the articulation of with the head of the femur.

94
Q

What is the shoulder girdle?

A

It links the forelimbs to the rest of the body and consists of the clavicle and scapula. These are slung in a saddle of muscles.

95
Q

Why do cats have clavicles but dogs don’t?

A

Dogs are less adapted to climbing and gripping than cats are.

96
Q

What is a plantigrade animal?

A

An animal that walks on the entire foot, like humans.

97
Q

What is a digitigrade animal?

A

An animal that walks on the toes, like dogs.

98
Q

What is an unguligrade animal?

A

An animal that walks on the toenails or hoofs, like horses.

99
Q

What types of joints are there?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

100
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Fixed or immovable joints where bones are interlocked, like the cranium.

101
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Joints that allow a slight amount of movement, with cartilage on the ends of each bone, like vertebrae.

102
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

These joints are mobile joints that allow a lot of movement. They consist of synovial membranes which enclose a joint cavity that’s filled with synovial fluid. They also have cartilage on the ends of each joint.

103
Q

What are the classifications of synovial joints?

A

Hinge joints like elbows, ball and socket joints like the shoulder and pivot joints where the neck meets the base of the skull.

104
Q

What is the flexion of a joint?

A

Diminishing the angle between the bones. Bending the limb.

105
Q

What is the extension of a joint?

A

Increasing the angle between the bones. straightening the limb.

106
Q

What is the rotation of a joint?

A

Pivoting around the longitudinal axis.

107
Q

What is the abduction of a joint?

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline.

108
Q

What is the adduction of a joint?

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline.

NZ Vet Nursing: Anatomy (16 decks)

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