Urinary System

Question 0

How much cardiac output do the kidneys (combined) recieve?

Answer 0

20-25%

Question 1

Where are the kidneys located compared to the vertebrae?

Answer 1

Between T12 - L3

Question 2

What are the coverings of the kidneys from superficial to deep?

Answer 2

Renal fascia, adipose capsule, renal capsule

Question 3

What kind of tissue comprises the renal fascia?

Answer 3

Dense irregular CT

Question 4

What are the internal layers of the kidney?

Answer 4

Cortical layer and medullary layer

Question 5

Which layer contains a majority of the nephrons?

Answer 5

The cortical layer

Question 6

How many nephrons does each kidney contain?

Answer 6

~1.25 million/kidney

Question 7

Describe the flow of blood from the abdominal aorta to the glomerulus.

Answer 7

Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental (lobar) arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus

Question 8

What nerves innervate the kidneys, what kind of fibers are they, and where do they come from?

Answer 8

Renal nerves, which are primarily postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 9

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 9

Filtration of blood, emptying into the tubule

Question 10

What is the function of the tubular system?

Answer 10

Turning filtrate into urine

Question 11

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 11

Cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 12

What are the percentages of the two types of nephrons?

Answer 12

Cortical: 85%
Juxtamedullary: 15%

Question 13

Where are cortical nephrons located?

Answer 13

Almost entirely in the cortex of the kidney; their loops of Henle dip slightly into the medulla

Question 14

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

Answer 14

They lie near the cortical-medullary junction; their loops of Henle deeply invade the medulla

Question 15

What is the relative function of cortical nephrons?

Answer 15

Perform more of the reabsorptive and secretory functions

Question 16

What is the relative function of juxtamedullary nephrons? How do they achieve this?

Answer 16

Produce more concentrated urine due to longer loops of Henle

Question 17

What structure is contained in Bowman’s capsule, and what s the name of the space?

Answer 17

The glomerulus, and Bowman’s space

Question 18

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 18

A tuft of “leaky” capillaries

Question 19

The fenenstrations of the glomerular capillaries retain what things? What do they allow to leak out?

Answer 19

Blood cells and larger proteins are kept; water and other solutes are released into the glomerular filtrate.

Question 20

What are the histological layers of Bowman’s capsule and where are they?

Answer 20

Parietal, which surrounds the outer wall of the capsule; visceral, which covers the glomerular capillaries

Question 21

What tissue is capsular epithelium (parietal layer) comprised of?

Answer 21

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 22

What layers are deep to the glomerular epithelium?

Answer 22

Lamina densa (basement membrane) and glomerular endothelium

Question 23

What cells make up the glomerular epithelium (visceral layer)?

Answer 23

Podocytes

Question 24

What is the name of the processes of the glomerular epithelium? What are the openings called? What do they allow out?

Answer 24

Pedicels, which contain slit pores/filtration slits that allow the passage of dissolved ions and small organic molecules

Question 25

Where does the filtrate in Bowman’s space drain into?

Answer 25

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 26

What is the lining of the PCT?

Answer 26

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli