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Organology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney - gross anatomy

A

retro-peritoneal organ
no mesentery
in a thin CT capsule (thick in cat)
cortex is adjacent to the capsule - darker area of fresh kidney

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2
Q

Kidney - medulla

A

deep to kidney
divided into pyramidal areas
striated base next to cortex
apex projects into renal pelvis of unilobar kidney or into minor calyx in multilobar kidney

parts of uriniferous tubules
parts of blood vessels arranged in parallel running from base to apex and back to base –> striated appearance

Zonation - due to location of different types of tubules w/in specific areas of the medulla

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3
Q

Kidney - cortex

A

adjacent to capsule
darker area of fresh kidney

contains renal corpuscles and many tubules

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4
Q

Kidney lobe

A

medullary pyramid + adjacent cortex

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5
Q

Renal columns

A

cortical tissue b/t medullary pyramids

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6
Q

Unilobar/unipyramidal kidney

A

has a single pyramid
true unilobar kidneys - in rodents
most have secondarily fused cortical and medullary areas = begin development as multilobar structures - e.g. small ruminants, dog, horse

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7
Q

Multilobar/multipyramidal

A

Two types:
cortical parts of lobes are fused while medullary pyramids remain separate (pig and human)
Cattle - both cortical and medullary parts of lobes are distinctly separated

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8
Q

Capsule

A

dense collagen and elastic fibersi

smooth muscle in all but the cat

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9
Q

Stroma

A

sparse and little internal CT

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10
Q

Parenchyma

A

divided into cortex and medulla

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11
Q

Nephron

A

blind-ended tubule
associated with capillary loops of renal corpuscle
continuous with a collecting duct
collecting ducts and nephron loops are in parallel clusters and form and are part of the cortex
Consists of:
thick descending limb (of proximal tubule) - both convoluted and straight
thin segment - descending and ascending part
thick ascending limb - of distal tubule

Most domestic animals: majority of nephron loops are short (don’t extend into medulla)
Long loops from juxtamedullary nephrons extend far into medulla and produce hypertonic urine
Most spp have both types
Cats and dogs - only long loops

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12
Q

renal/uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + arched collecting duct

=functional unit of the kidney

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13
Q

Medullary ray

A

straight collecting duct forms the central axis of this

continuous with tubules in the medulla

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14
Q

Renal blood supply

A 
~25% of CO at rest
renal artery
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
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15
Q

Renal artery

A

enters kidney at the hilus and gives rise to interlobar aa.

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16
Q

Interlobar aa.

A

located b/t pyramids in renal columns

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17
Q

Arcuate aa.

A

parallel to capsule at the cortico-medullary junction and give off interlobular aa.

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18
Q

Interlobular aa.

A

found between medullary rays.

may give rise to short intralobular aa.

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19
Q

Afferent arterioles

A

supply glomerular capillary loops

larger than efferent arteriole

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20
Q

Efferent arterioles

A

drain glomerular capillary loops

smaller than afferent arteriole

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21
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

in cortex
arise from efferent arterioles of superficial and middle cortical nephrons
drained by stellate/deep cortical vv.
All p.t. capillaries are fenestrated

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22
Q

Vasa recta

A

long, straight vessels
arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons
descend into medulla as arterioles and return as venules to the arcuate vv.

descending vasa recta give rise to peritubular capillaries of medulla

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23
Q

Arterial portal system

A

afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillaries –> efferent arteriole

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24
Q

Renal corpuscle

A 
glomerulus + glomerular capsule
filtering structure of the kidney
3 components: 
indented end of the nephron (glomerular/bowman's capsule)
cluster of capillary loops (glomerulus)
mesangial cells b/t capillary loops
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25
Q

Glomerulus

A

cluster of capillary loops and associated cells
can be synonymus with renal corpuscle
capillary loops are supplied by afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole (arterial portal system)

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26
Q

Vascular pole

A

where arterioles enter and leave the renal corpuscle

location of juxtaglomerular apparatus

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27
Q

Urinary pole

A

opposite vascular pole

glomerular capsule becomes continuous with tubular part of the nephron

28
Q

glomerular capsule

A

double walled

parietal layer of squamous cells

29
Q

Capsular/urinary space

A

Between parietal and visceral layers of glomerular capsule

visceral layer: podocytes
thick basal lamina: b/t podocytes and endothelial cells - composed of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (- charged) produced by podocytes - 3x thicker than normal basal laminae

30
Q

Podocytes

A

Support basement membrane of capsular/urinary space
elaborate, long, branching processes that enwrap glomerular capillaries
stabilizes glomerular architecture
counteract distentions of the glomerular basement membrane
maintain a large filtration surface through the slit diaphragms
responsible for ~40% of hydraulic resistance of the filtration barrier

filtration slit membrane - b/t tertiary processes of podocytes - similar to diaphragm of capillary fenestrations

31
Q

Filtration

A

Glomerular capillaries: higher hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Urinary space: lower hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Filtration barrier = basal lamina
Water, ions, small proteins pass thru basal lamina by an entirely extracellular route - cells are held back by endothelium

Large molecules and negatively charged molecules are slowed/excluded by negatively charged basal lamina

32
Q

Mesangial cells

A

both inside (intraglomerular) and outside (extraglomerular) the glomerulus
Intraglomerular mesangial cells are continuous w/the extraglomerular mesangium which forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Found in the center of the glomerulus
contain microfilaments
connected by gap junctions
Phagocytize worn out basal lamina and other debris
Provide structural support
Produce vasoactive agents
Mesangial cells and enothelial cells are on the same side of the basal lamina in the same basal lamina compartment

33
Q

Intraglomerular mesangium

A

cluster of mesangial cells located b/t capillary loops of the glomerulus

34
Q

proximal tubule

A

longest part of nephron
fills most of cortex
consists of convoluted and straight tubules
Straight segment = thick descending limb - found in medullary ray and outer stripe of medulla moph. similar to poximal convoluted tubules
apical/brush borders of lining cells have long microvilli - gives striated appearance
apical junctional complexes = terminal bars - join cells - leaky
pinocytotic and endocytotic vesicles form b/t bases of microvilli - take up protein from lumen of the tubule - 100% of protein is removed via endocytosis
protein is degraded in lysosomes

many basally enlarged mitochondria –> intense acidophilic stain and basal striation of proximal tubule cells - cells appear packed with organelles - mitoch provide ATP to drive glucose, AA, and NA+ active transporters

basal and lateral infoldings and projections of plasma membrane –> lateral cell boundaries are indistinct
specialization to ^ SA is characteristic of transport epithelia

35
Q

Thin segment

A

simple squamous/low cuboidal epith
may resemble capillaries - but has larger diameter and more cells around periphery
nuclei bulge into lumen and appear round
pale, eosinophilic cytoplasm form a thin rim around the tubule

36
Q

Distal tubule

A

convoluted and straight tubules
straight tubules return to renal corpuscle from which nephron arose
Comparison to prox. tubule:
Wider lumen
surrounded by cuboidal cells w/more distinct lateral borders
smaller cells (more in a xsxn)
smaller overall diameter
nuclei may bulge into tubule lumen
lighter acidophilic cytoplasm stain
apical tight junctions - impermeable to water
basal striations due to plasma membrane infoldings and aligned mitochondria

37
Q

Collecting ducts

A

straight and arched segments
Arched collecting ducts merge to form a straight collecting duct
lining cells have distinct borders and bulge into lumen
cells are joined by complex apical tight junctions
two types of cells: light/principle cells, and dark/intercalated cells
Collecting ducts join to form papillary ducts

38
Q

Light/principle cells

A

in collecting duct of nephron
cuboidal
stain pale, eosinophilic
function in Na+/K+ transport, water resorption

39
Q

Dark/intercalated cells

A

contain many mitochondira (for acid production)

may be columnar

40
Q

Papillary duct

A

formed by union of several collecting ducts
larger diameter than collecting ducts
columnar epith
light staining cytoplasm
near renal papilla, epith may be transitional (like in renal papilla/renal pelvis)

41
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

at point where distal straight tubule is adjacent to vascular pole of renal corpuscle (from which nephron arose)
adjacent afferent arteriole is part of JG apparatus
renin from JG cells initiates vasoconstriction
renin release is stimulated by several means, including macula densa and extraglomerular mesangial cells that communicate w/JG cells via gap junctions
Consists of 3 structures that are not separated by a complete basal lamina:
macula dens
JG cells
extraglomerular mesangium

42
Q

Macula densa

A

in distal tubule walll
narrow tall columnar cells
nuclei appear crowded or overlapping
senses tubular Na+ and Cl- concentrations

43
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

located in the wall of the afferent (and maybe efferent) arteriole
adjacent to macula densa
modified sm. ms. cells w/round nuclei
few filaments and membrane bound granules containng renin (enzyme)
function as baroreceptors - release renin in response to a fall in luminal pressure
may also be ST by SNS or indirectly via macula densa and extracellular mesangium in response to ^ in distal tubule Na+ and Cl- concentrations

44
Q

Extraglomerular mesangium

A

continuous with intraglomerular mesangium
composed of similar cells
located at vascular pole of renal corpuscle b/t the afferent and efferent arterioles and distal tubules
transmit information concerning tubular Na+ and Cl- [] to the JG cells (via gap junctions)

45
Q

Kidney - overall functional anatomy

A

regulates volume and composition of body fluids by filtration, secretion, resorption, and excretion
depending on the physiological need, water molecules, and ions are either conserved or eliminated

46
Q

Kidney - filtration functional anatomy

A

20% of renal blood volume crosses the glomerular filtration barrier to the urinary space
caliber of afferent arteriole deliver blood to glom. caps is greater than efferent arteriole draining them –> high pressure system to move blood fluids and solutes into urinary space
neg. charges on glomerular basal lamina repel anions and (-) charged molecules
molecules filtered out may be phagocytised by either mesangial cells or podocytes
mesangial cells regulate flow thru glom. caps. by their contractile properties

47
Q

Kidney - resorption functional anatomy

A

2/3 to 3/4 of filtrate is resorbed in the proximal tubule
transit thru the rest of the renal tubule adjusts the final composition of the filtrate according to physiological requirements
hormones (ADH, aldosterone) act on renal tubules to regulate epithelial cells

48
Q

Kidney - transcellular pathway functional anatomy

A

movement of substances thru epithelial cells may be active or passive

49
Q

Kidney - paracellular pathway functional anatomy

A

movement b/t cells depends on the leakiness of tight junctions and is passive

50
Q

Kidney - active processes functional anatomy

A

tend to occur in the more complex epithelia (e.g. the proximal and distal tubules)
cells have abundant mitochondria (energy) and expanded surface membrane (locations for transport protein)

51
Q

Kidney - Passive processes functional anatomy

A

predominate in less complex epithelia

e.g. thin limb and collecting tubules/ducts

52
Q

Anatomic basis of counter-current multiplier mechanism

A

In medulla
bundles of desc. and asc. tubules and collecting ducts are in proximity to bundles of descending and ascending vasa recta
=anatomical basis for counter current exchange that efficiently transfers ions and water from tubule to capillaries and back

53
Q

Renal hormones

A

Erythropoietin - cortical interstitial cells

Prostaglandins - interstitial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes

54
Q

Urinary passages

A

transitional epithelium throughout most passages
three or more apparent layers
all layers are actually attached to basal lamina, so it’s really a pseudostratified epithelium with:
basal small cuboidal germinal cells
intermediate layer of intermediate sized cells
luminal layer of often binucleate cells w/patches of thickened plasmalemma = plaques - prevent transcellular diffusion
junctional complexes b/t cells - prevent paracellular diffusion

intracellular membrane vesicles can guse w/surface membrane to accomodate rapid increases in size of organs

55
Q

Renal pelvis/calyces

A

expanded origins of ureter that surround apex of medullary pyramid
wall contains smooth muscle

56
Q

Renal pelvis/calyces & ureter: wall tructure

A

transitional epithelium
lamina propria-submucosa: loose CT
no muscularis mucosae
T. muscularis: 3 ill-defined layes (only 2 in cat)
Presence of T. serosa or adventitia depends on spp. location, and amount of fat present
Horse: mucous tubuloalveolar mucosal glands in upper 1/3 of ureter and in renal pelvis –> stringy, cloudy urine
Mucosa: in longitudinal folds which give a stellate cross-section
Ureters travel obliquely through the wall of the urinary bladder and are closed by valve-like mucosa flaps when bladder contracts = fnctnl sphincter that prevens reflux of urine during micturition

57
Q

Urinary bladder - function

A

storage and some concentration of urine
Na+ is transported across [transport] epithelium
wall structure is greatly expandable

58
Q

Urinary bladder - tunica mucosa

A

transitional epithelium
may find lymphocytes w/in epithelium
if thick with several layers of cells ==> contracted
if thin and flattened w/3 or less layers of cells ==> distended

L. propria - contains elastic fibers and lymphocytes maybe lymphatic nodules

muscularis mucosae - variable and may be incomplete - prominent in horse, thin in rums, dog, pig, absent in cat

59
Q

Urinary bladder - tunica submucosa

A

contains elastic fibers, lymphocytes, and maybe lymphatic nodules

60
Q

T. muscularis

A

=detrusor m.

composed of 3 ill-defined interweaving layers of smooth muscle

61
Q

T. serosa

A

in dog and cat

62
Q

T. adventitia

A

over part of urinary bladder in other domestic spp.

63
Q

Urinary bladder - innervation

A

autonomic fibers and ganglia are located in T. submucosa and T. muscularis
coordinate contraction
ST by bladder distension

64
Q

Female urethra - epithelium

A

transitional epithelium changes to stratified cuboidal or columnar then stratified squamous at/near external urethral orifice
goblet cells may be present near urinary bladder
may find intraepithelial lymphocytes

65
Q

Female urethra - L. propria/submucosa

A

contains erectile tissue - characterized by endothelial lined cavernous spaces with lumens relatively large relative to thickness of delimiting wall structure

venous sinuses/cavernous spaces lined with endothelial cells and w/o smooth muscle in wall. Relavtively large caliber with an irregular outline

cavernous vv. - large caliber, irregular in shape, thin-walled w/patchy distribution of elastic fibers and smooth muscle in the wall

Lymphocytes may be present in L. propria

muscularis mucosae: sparse-absent

66
Q

Female urethra - Tunica muscularis

A

3 ill-defined layers in most domestic spp
smooth muscle is replaced by skeletal muscle near the external urethral orifice (urethralis m.)
longitudinal muscle fibers contract to open lumen
elastic fibers close lumen

67
Q

Female urethral mucosa

A

xsxn: appears to have longitudinal folds/forms a crest and thus the lumen of the urethra is irregularly stellate/crescent shaped

Organology (6 decks)

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