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Organology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A 
Gas exchange
body temperature control
phonation
olfaction
metabolic function
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2
Q

Functional adaptations

A 
gas exchange
moistening of air
warming of air
filtering of air
phonation
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3
Q

Major subdivisions

A

conduction portion
transitional portion
respiratory/exchange portion

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4
Q

Respiratory epithelia

A

pseudostratified columnar - with goblet cells and basal cells; found from nasal fossa to the small bronchi (number of goblet cells decreases near the small bronchi)

ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium - lines bronchioles, contains very few/no goblet cells

simple squamous epithelium - lines alveoli of lungs

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5
Q

Functional morphology/general organization

A

Lumen = airway
Mucosa: epithelium on thick basal lamina - lines lumen - PSC with goblet cells
Lamina propria/submucosa - rich in vascular CT with glands in places
Tunica muscularis - muscle and/or cartilage (provides support)
Tunica adventitia - CT when present

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6
Q

Nasal cavity - divisions

A

vestibule
conducting region
olfactory region

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7
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

bounded by maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
continous with nasal cavity
lined by a thin PSC epithelium w/a few goblet cells
mucosa lacks erectile tissue
mucosa is tightly adhered to underlying bone (=mucoperiosteum)

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8
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

=Jacobsen’s organ
pair of fluid-filled tubes connected via ducts to the nasopalatine canal (runs from incisive papilla in oral cavity to nasal cavity
lined by respiratory epith
have olfactory epith in their medial walls

function: permits sampling of substances that are volatilized by licking or inhalation
sex-scent-capturing ability
scenting apparatus transmits info directly to limbic system (sets mating behavior)

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9
Q

Nasopharynx

A

nasal passage dorsal to soft palate
connects nasal cavity w/laryngopharynx
lines by PSC ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
contains pharyngeal tonsil = unencapsulated lymphoid tissue on pharyngeal septum (deep to PSC epith and in lamina propria)

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10
Q

Larynx

A

cartilage supported muscular tube
connects pharynx w/trachea
solely respiratory structure
several functions, including phonation
branched tubuloacinar glands
diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue present
sensory innervation via 9th and motor via 10th CNs for gagging and coughing reflexes

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11
Q

Trachea - tunica submucosa

A

Epithelium - PSC ciliated w/goblet cells on thick basement membrane
Lamina propria - loose CT
Muscularis mucosae - longitudinally oriented elastic fibers
Submucosa: loose to coarse CT & simple tubuloalveolar mucous glands

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12
Q

Trachea - tunica muscularis

A

Reduced in thickness relative to larynx
supportive CT - C shaped hyaline cartilage rings
smooth tracheal muscle oriented transversely and attached to inner tracheal cartilages in all domestic spp except carnivores (attach on outside)
Sm. ms. can narrow lumen - important in cough reflex

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13
Q

Trachea - tunica adventitia

A

Loose to coarse CT

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14
Q

Bronchi

A

divides left and right bronchi further into secondary and tertiary bronchi
primary bronchi - extrapulmonary
secondary and tertiary bronchi - intrapulmonary
Primary bronchi are similar in structure to trachea

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15
Q

Function - gas exchange

A

Taking in O2 and eliminating CO2
Also moistens air via glandular secretions to prevent desiccation of tissues
Warms air and cools body
Filters air (mucociliary escalator)

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16
Q

Function - body temperature control

A

in some species

horse: 20% of heat generated during exercise is exchanged across lung surface

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17
Q

Metabolic functions

A

inactivates bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, nEpi

ACE converts A-I to A-II (blood pressure regulation)

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18
Q

Functional adaptation - gas exchange

A

must have thin walls (i.e. alveoli)

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19
Q

Functional adaptation - moistening of air

A

requires glands

simple tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar serous or seromucous glands

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20
Q

functional adaptation - filtering of air

A

hair, mucous, and cilia (particles deposited/removed)
mucous - sticky - trap foreign substances
cilia - move it toward pharynx (swallowed or coughed up)
sneezing clears nasal cavity
process = mucociliary escalator

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21
Q

functional adaptation - phonation

A

production of sound

possible due to vocal apparatus

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22
Q

Conducting portion

A

involved in moving air
part of tract from nasal cavity thru terminal/tertiary bronchiole in lung
specific portions are responsible for olfaction and phonation

23
Q

transitional portion

A

present only in some animals (carnivores, monkeys)

consists of respiratory bronchioles (both conduct air and exchange gases)

24
Q

respiratory/exchange portion

A

region of gas exchange

consists of alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

25
Q

Nasal cavity - vestibule

A

most rostral part of nasal cavity
short and transitional
stratified squamous epithelium - continuous with skin
site of transition from keratinized stratified squamous of the skin to mucous membrane (non-keratinized) of nasal cavity
hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands in cutaneous portion

26
Q

Nasal cavity - conducting region

A

makes up bulk of nasal cavity
conchae - lines by PSC with goblet cells, non-ciliated cells, brush cells (sensory) and basal cells
branched tubuloalveolar mixed (mostly serous) glands present
erectile tissue common - usually collapsed but becomes engorged with blood under neural ST (acts as heat transfer, but decreases air flow)
inhaled heavy particles removed here via cilia (may metabolize/detoxify compounds)

conchae - shelves of tissue extending from lateral wall/cribiform plate toward septum to increase SA of nasal cavity
core of conchae - bone, hyaline cartilage surrounded by loose to coarse CT with rich vascular supply, glands, and nerves
convex surface of conchae - exposed to air - numerous tubuloalveolar serous glands, many blood vessels
concave surface - unexposed - fewer glands, less erectile tissue

27
Q

Nasal cavity - olfactory region

A

dorsocaudal part of nasal cavity
lined by thick PSC epithelium w/goblet cells
associated w/ethmoconchae

28
Q

Ethmoconchae

A

Core: bone
Respiratory surface - thin layer of CT, PSC with goblet cells and cilia

Olfactory surface - tall PSC epithelium w/3 difft cell populations
Basal cells - cuboidal with tonofilaments and free ribosomes. May replace other cell types
Olfactory/neurosensory cells - bipolar neurons - give rise to nonmyelinated olfactory nn. - dark staining nucleoli and apex of cell has long, non-motile modified cilia
Supporting/sustentacular cells - tall, narrow base, oval nucleus, positioned apically, microvilli - pigment granules are common - support olfactory cells mechanically and metabolically

29
Q

Larynx - epithelium

A

PSC distal to level of vocal fold

vocal fold = where stratified squamous is present

30
Q

Larynx - lamina propria

A

many elastic fivers present in CT

nodules can be here

31
Q

Larynx - tunica muscularis

A

striated muscle

cartilagenous framework - hyaline and elastic

32
Q

Larynx - tunica adventitia

A

loose CT

33
Q

Bronchi - Tunica mucosa/submucosa

A

Epithelium - changes from ciliated PSC to ciliated simple columnar. Number of goblet cells decrease from proximal to distal

Lamina propria - thin layer of CT w/many leukocytes and capillaries (also lymphoid nodules)

Muscularis mucosae - smooth muscle oriented circularly and/or spirally - contracts in asthma

tunica submucosa - loose CT w/elastic fibers and simple tubuloalveolar mixed serous glands (=bronchial glands) that secrete a watery, protein rich secretion

cartilage plates - decrease in size and become more irregular in shape distally

34
Q

Bronchioles - definition

A 
air conducting ducts
arise from bronchi
branch into several generations
end as terminal bronchioles
NO cartilage in walls
35
Q

Broncioles - epithelium

A

ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal
cilia disappear as terminal bronchioles become respiratory bronchiole

Goblet cells - decrease distally until absent in terminal bronchioles
Ciliated cells - most numerous - decrease in number distally
Bronchiolar secretory cells (Clara cells) - increase distally - dome shaped apices that protrude into lumen - secrete surface-active lipoprotein to prevent luminal adhesion - metabolize/detox xenobiotics
Brush cells - columnar cells w/microvilli - basal surface plays sensory role - in synaptic contact w/afferent nerve endings

36
Q

Bronchioles - lamina propria

A

loose CT
many lymphocytes and elastic fibers
no cartilage or glands

37
Q

Bronchioles - muscularis mucosae

A

smooth ms.
1 layer thick in tertiary/terminal bronchiole
constricts in asthma

38
Q

Bronchioles - tunica submucosa

A

loose CT

many elastic fibers

39
Q

Bronchioles - innervation

A

parasympathetic - contraction of sm. ms.

sympathetic - dilation

40
Q

Transitional zone

A

between conducting and respiratory

41
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

both conducting and gas exchange
similar to terminal bronchiole - BUT alveoli interrupt < half of wall
Ciliated and Clara cells predominate
well developed in monkeys and carnivores, poorly developed in horse and man

42
Q

Respiratory zone

A

where most of gas exchange occurs

43
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

similar to respiratory bronchiole, but alveoli interrupt more than half of the wall

44
Q

Alveoli

A

functional unit where gas exchange occurs
spherical structures lined by alveolar epithelium
two cell types: type I and type II pneumocytes
Interalveolar septum - wall b/t 2 adjacent alveoli and contains capillaries, fibroblasts, reticular fibers, and MPs/lymphocytes
endothelial cells - 30% of alveolar wall - continuous and non-finestrated

45
Q

Type I Pneumocytes

A

8% of cells in alveolar wall, but cover 97% of alveolar surface
major cell type in alveoli
squamous
tight junctions - prevent fluid leakage into air space
function in gas exchange
readily permeable to gases

46
Q

Type II Pneumocytes

A 
=Great alveolar cells
16% of cells, but 3% of alveolar lining
cuboidal cells
interposed b/t type I pneumocytes
bulge into alveolar lumen
Lamellar bodies in cytoplasm - synthesized and released apically
Prominent golgi and rough ER
Produce surfactant - coats alveoli and lowers surface tension, preventing collapse of alveoli - there is constant turnover of surfactant
47
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

=dust cells
10% of alveolar wall cells
derived from monocytes that migrate from capillaries
In alveolar wall and alveolar lumen
Contain phagocytized inclusions - e.g. dust and airborne particulates
^ in heart failure ==> “heart failure cells”

48
Q

Gas exchange barrier

A

3 layers in alveolar wall:
alveolar epithelial cell
fused basement membranes (type I epith and endothelium)
capillary endothelial cell

49
Q

Alveolar pores

A

help alveoli communicate w/each other

equalize pressure b/t alveoli

50
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A 
small, contain dense granules
in epithelia from larynx and bronchiole-alveolar junction
Part of APUD cells
involved in paracrine and regulatory functions
not visible in routine staining
occur single or in small groups
some cells are innervated
can give rise to bronchial carcinoma
51
Q

Blood supply - arterial

A

Pulmonary - low pressure system - few elastic/collagen fibers - receives entire RV output

Bronchial - supplies large bronchi - major pulmonary blood vessels and lymph nodes - bronchial-esophageal is a branch of intercostal a.

52
Q

Blood supply - venous

A

all pulmonary vv

53
Q

Pulmonary lymphatics

A

Throughout interstitial

not in interalveolar septae

54
Q

Innervation

A

GVE from vagus nerve and thoracic nn from sympathetic trunk innervate respiratory sm. ms.

GVA carried primarily in the vagus originate from mecahnoreceptors in lung and conductive passages

Organology (6 decks)

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