Urinary System Flashcards
What enters through the hilum of the kidney?
1.
2.
3.
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
- Ureter
What is the blood supply of the kidney starting from the Aorta and ending at the inferior vena cava?
1-15
- Aorta
- Renal a.
- Segmental a.
- Interlobar a.
- Arcuate a.
- Cortical radiate a.
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
10a. Vasa recta - Cortical radiate v.
- Arcuate v.
- Interlobar v.
- Renal v.
- Inferior vena cava
Renal corpuscle
Term for glomerulus and surrounding capsule
4 facts about cortical nephrons
- %
- Where is the renal corpuscles
- Where does loop of Henle lie
- How far does nephron loop penetrate renal medulla?
- 80-85% of nephrons
- Renal corpuscles are in outer cortex
- Short loop of henle lie mainly in cortex
- Penetrate only outer region of renal medulla
4 facts about juxtamedullary nephrons
- %
- Where are renal corpuscles
- Where does loop of henle lie
- What surrounds loop of henle
- 15-20% of nephrons
- Renal corpuscles are near medulla
- Long loop into medulla
- Vasa recta surrounds loop of henle
What makes up the visceral layer of renal corpuscle?
Podocytes - covering capillaries
What makes up the parietal layer of renal corpuscle?
Simple squamous cells
3 basic processes of nephrons and collecting ducts
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
Define filtrate
Fluid pushed out of glomerulus that does not consist of blood and large proteins
Define reabsorption
Removing water and solutes from filtrate
Define secretion
The extraction of chemicals by the renal tubule from blood capillaries and secretes them into tubular fluid
3 functions of renal tubule
- Reabsorption of nutrients
- Reabsorption of water [>90%]
- Secretion of waste products
Where is the macula densa located?
Thickened part of ascending limb
What is the macula densa sensitive to
Concentration of sodium
What does the macula densa control the release of?
Renin
What does the juxtaglomerular cells synthesize and secrete?
Renin
What 2 things does the juxtaglomerular cells react to?
- Drop in blood pressure
2. Stimulation by the macula densa cells
Where are the juxtaglomerular cells primarily located?
Afferent arteriole
What three reasons release renin?
- Decreases blood pressure
- Low sodium levels in ultra filtrate of nephron measured by the macula densa which is part of the JGA
- Sympathetic nervous system activity through beta1 adrenergic receptors
Where is renin produced?
Where is it released from?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Where is angiotensinogen formed?
Angiotensinogen is formed by the liver and it is an inactive form of angiotensin 1
Where is angiotensin 1 released
Angiotensin 1 is released by angiotensinogen
How is angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2
Angiotensin converting enzyme in the pulmonary capillaries
What does angiotensin II do?
Potent vasoconstrictor
What does aldosterone do?
Retention of sodium and water by the kidneys; therefore raises blood pressure and volume
What does ADH do
Water retention and vasoconstriction
What are the 3 layers in the wall of a ureter
- Mucosa
- -a. Transitional epithelium
- -b. Lamina propria - Muscularis
- Adventitia
What is the 2 functions of the mucosa
- Inflate and deflate
2. Prevents cells from being in contact with urine
What is the function of the muscularis
- Peristalsis contributes to urine flow
What is the function of the adventitia
- Contains lymphatics and blood vessels to supply ureter
What is the maximum capacity of the bladder
700-800mL
What is the transitional epithelium able to do?
Stretch
What is the length of a male and female urethra
Male: 18cm
Female: 3-4cm
