Urinalysis

Question 1

3 basic processes of urine formation

Answer 1

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion

Question 2

3 Functions of filtration for urine formation

Answer 2

1 Blood pressure forces water and solutes across capillaries

2. Small solutes pass through
3. Filtrate from glomerulus

Question 3

2 functions of reabsorption for urine formation

Answer 3

1. Removing water and solutes from filtrate

2. Returned to blood from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

Question 4

2 functions of secretion for urine formation

Answer 4

1. Unwanted substances are taken out of blood and put into renal tubule
2. Mostly occurring in the DCT and collecting duct

Question 5

What is the goal of urine production

Answer 5

Maintaining homeostasis by controlling volume and composition of blood in addition to excretion of metabolic waste products

Question 6

What is the percentage of water and solutes in urine

Answer 6

95% water and 5% solutes

Question 7

What 6 things are normal to find in urine?

Answer 7

1. Urea
2. NaCl
3. KCl
4. Creatinine
5. Uric acid
6. Phosphates

Question 8

What 5 things are abnormal to find in urine?

Answer 8

1. Glucose
2. Free hemoglobin
3. Albumin
4. Ketones
5. Bike pigments

Question 9

What is a normal amount of urine to produce in one day

Answer 9

1-2 L/day

Question 10

What is the normal range for pH in urine

Answer 10

4.5-8

Question 11

What is a normal specific gravity of urine

Answer 11

1.003-1.030

Question 12

What 2 ways could result in red colored urine

Answer 12

1. Food dye, fresh beats, drugs

2. Presence of hemoglobin

Question 13

What 3 nitrogenous waste is found in urine

Answer 13

1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine

Question 14

What is the result of urea in blood

Answer 14

Breakdown of protein

Question 15

What is uric acid in urine a result of

Answer 15

Nucleic acid breakdown

Question 16

What is the result of creatinine in urine

Answer 16

Muscle metabolism and creatine phosphate catabolism

Question 17

What is specific gravity?

Answer 17

Density of urine compared to water

Question 18

What can cause a high SG (concentrated urine)

Answer 18

1. Low water intake

2. High levels of glucose

Question 19

What are 2 indications of leukocytes in urine

Answer 19

1. Infection

2. Inflammation

Question 20

Define pyuria

Answer 20

Leukocytes in urine

Question 21

Define cystitis

Answer 21

Bladder infection

Question 22

Define pyelonephritis

Answer 22

Kidney infection

Question 23

Indication of nitrate in urine

Answer 23

Bacterial infection

Question 24

Define Proteinuria

Answer 24

Protein found in urine do to a possible inflammation of glomerulus

Question 25

What may be the cause of a high or low pH urine sample

Answer 25

Acidic: high protein diet or ketoacidosis Alkaline: vegetarian diet or UTI

Question 26

Define hematuria

Answer 26

Blood found in urine do to a possible kidney stone, infection, tumor

Question 27

Define Ketonuria

Answer 27

Ketones in urine possibly do to diabetes mellitus

Question 28

Define bilirubinuria

Answer 28

Bilirubin in excess amounts found in urine possibly do to liver disease or biliary obstruction

Question 29

Define glycosuria

Answer 29

Glucose found in urine possibly do to high carb diet or the filtered load of glucose is to high for the tubular reabsorption to catch all glucose. (High glucose)

Question 30

Normal amounts of WBCs in urine

Answer 30

Men: <2 per hi power Women: <5

Question 31

What are casts

Answer 31

Hardened cell fragments formed in the DCT and collecting ducts and they are formed when cells clump together

Question 32

What may be the cause of WBC casts

Answer 32

Pyelonephritis

Question 33

What may be the cause of RBC casts

Answer 33

Glomerulonephritis

Question 34

What are hyaline casts composed of and what is the cause

Answer 34

Mucoproteins secreted by tubule cells and could be caused by low flow rate, low pH, or high salt conc.

Question 35

What causes Renal calculi

Answer 35

Aka kidney stones... caused by minerals amino acid or oxidative deposition

Question 36

What is the cause of calcium oxalate crystals

Answer 36

Dietary asparagus

Question 37

What is the cause of uric acid crystals

Answer 37

High levels of uric acid in blood do to high proteins in diet

Question 38

What is the cause of struvite crystals

Answer 38

More common in alkaline urine and possibly caused by UTI