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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How is Na+ reabsorbed?

  	by facilitated diffusion
  	by active transport using ATP
  	by receptor-mediated endocytosis
  	by diffusion
  	by osmosis
A

by active transport using ATP

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2
Q

The major calyces are the __________.

  	pyramid-shaped structures in the renal medulla
  	large branches of the renal pelvis
  	capsules surrounding each kidney
  	expanded ends of nephrons
  	functional units of the kidneys
A

large branches of the renal pelvis

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3
Q

Micturition is __________.

  	a form of glomerular filtration
  	the production of urine
  	the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
  	a mechanism for concentrating urine
  	a method of tubular reabsorption
A

the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra

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4
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

  	major calyx
  	renal corpuscle
  	loop of Henle
  	glomerulus
  	nephron
A

nephron

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5
Q

The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the __________.

  	afferent arteriole
  	segmental artery
  	interlobular artery
  	efferent arteriole
  	renal artery
A

afferent arteriole

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6
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.

  	renal pelvis
  	nephron
  	renal corpuscle
  	loop of Henle
  	papilla
A

renal corpuscle

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7
Q

An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

  	negative pressure
  	blood osmotic pressure
  	capsular hydrostatic pressure
  	capsular osmotic pressure
  	net filtration pressure
A

net filtration pressure

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8
Q

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct
blood volume decreases
less urine is produced
more salt is secreted by the nephron
the specific gravity of the urine decreases

A

less urine is produced

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9
Q

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?

  	tubuloglomerular response
  	countercurrent mechanism
  	renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
  	myogenic mechanism
  	adrenergic response
A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

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10
Q

hich substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

  	potassium
  	protein
  	uric acid
  	water
  	sodium
A

protein

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11
Q

Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment:
(1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
3, 2, 1, 4, 5

A

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

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12
Q

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.

decreases
increases
does not change
cannot be determined

A

increases

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13
Q

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________.

untreated diabetes mellitus
albuminuria
trauma to the kidneys
infection of the urinary tract

A

untreated diabetes mellitus

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14
Q

Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?

It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
It produces epinephrine.
It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.

A

it produces epinephrine

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15
Q

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.

medial
superior
inferior
lateral

A

medial

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16
Q

Renal ptosis may lead to __________.

degeneration of the perirenal fat
bleeding in the kidney tissue
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
renal calculus formation

A

hydronephrosis due to urine backup

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17
Q

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.

medulla
glomerulus
pelvis
cortex

A

pelvis

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18
Q

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________.

renal capsule
visceral layer
basement membrane
fenestrated endothelium

A

renal capsule

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19
Q

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules EXCEPT __________.

filtration
secretion
formation of urine
reabsorption

A

filtration

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20
Q

Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine?

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

A

vasa recta

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21
Q

The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________.

cleavage of ATP
renal capillary hydrostatic pressure
concentration gradient established by Na+
filtration membrane

A

concentration gradient established by Na+

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22
Q

Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?

the proximal convoluted tubule
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule around the glomerulus
the vasa recta

A

the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron

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23
Q

Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.

prostaglandin E2
angiotensin II
ADH
renin

A

ADH

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24
Q

Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?

drug metabolites
glucose
inulin
protein

A

inulin

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25
Q

Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?

uric acid
creatinine
urea
inulin

A

urea

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26
Q

Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream.

50 liters
100 liters
200 liters
500 liters
A

200 liters

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27
Q

The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.

renal pelvis
renal column
renal medulla
renal cortex

A

renal medulla

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28
Q

Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

cortical radiate
segmental
renal
interlobar

A

renal

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29
Q

__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.

Renal pyramids
Nephrons
Glomerular capsules
Major calyces

A

nephrons

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30
Q

In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?

in the proximal convoluted tubule
in the collecting duct
in the distal convoluted tubule
in the renal corpuscle

A

in the renal corpuscle

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31
Q

The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.
True
False

A

True

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32
Q

In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.
True
False

A

True

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33
Q

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?

anuria
pyelitis
renal ptosis
hydronephrosis

34
Q

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________.

glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney
glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics

A

the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

35
Q

Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
True
False

36
Q

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?

eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
ridding the body of excess glucose
controlling blood pH
disposing of substances, such as certain drugs

A

ridding the body of excess glucose

37
Q

The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.
True
False

38
Q

Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics.
True
False

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?

It is slightly basic in pH.
It is clear and pale to deep yellow.
It is slightly aromatic.
A given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water.

A

it is slightly basic in pH

40
Q

Acts as an enzyme to help regulate blood pressure and kidney function

41
Q

Stimulates red blood cell production

A

erythropoeitin

42
Q

The walls of the calyces, pelvis and ureter contain which type of muscle? function?

A

Smooth muscle, contract to propel urine-peristalsis

43
Q

Pyelitis

A

Infection of the renal pelvis & Calyces

44
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Infections that affect the entire kidneys

45
Q

More than 90% of the blood entering the Kidneys perfuses through what?

A

renal cortex

46
Q

What structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A

the glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus

47
Q

The raw material the renal tubules process to form urine

48
Q

Podocytes

A

intertwine as they cling to basement membrane of the glomerulus

49
Q

Receives filtrate from many nephrons

A

collecting ducts

50
Q

Collecting ducts fuse together as they approach the renal pelvis and deliver urine into ?

A

The minor calyces via papillae of the pyramids

51
Q

Walls of this structure are formed by cuboidal epi cells, with large mitochondria, their exposed surface have dense microvilli

A

walls of the PCT

52
Q

Cells of the thin segment of the Loop of Henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

53
Q

Cells of the thick segment

A

cuboidal/columnar epithelium

54
Q

epithelial cells of the DCT

A

cuboidal epi with NO microvilli

55
Q

Why is the BP in the glomerulus so high?

A

arterioles are high resistance vessels, and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent

56
Q

Low pressure, porous capillaries that readily absorb solute and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate

A

peritubular capillaries

57
Q

The capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron. The vasa recta reclaims reabsorbed substances, such as water and sodium ions. Play important role in forming concentrated urine

A

Vasa Recta

58
Q

Capillary bed that reclaims most of the filtrate

A

peritubular capillaries

59
Q

Resistance of the afferent arterioles serves what function?

A

protects the glomeruli from large fluctuations in systemic blood pressure

60
Q

Resistance of the efferent arterioles serves what function?

A

Reinforces the high glomerular pressure and reduces the hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular caps

61
Q

The fenestrations allow what through?

A

All plasma components but NOT RBCs

62
Q

How are proteins prevented from entering the membrane?

A

they are negatively charged glycoporteins that repel other macromolecule ANIONS

63
Q

In glomerular filtration, what kind of pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

two factors of the glomerulus resulting in high net filtration pressure

A
  1. its filtration membrane-large surface area and much more permeable to water and solutes
  2. glomerular BP is higher
65
Q

Keeping the plasma proteins IN the capillaries help’s maintain?

A

colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood, preventing loss of water

66
Q

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane


A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

67
Q

HPg is opposed by what two forces?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

68
Q

The volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all 2 million glomeruli of the kidneys

A

Glomerular filtration rate GFR

69
Q

Three factors regulating filtration rate at the capillary beds

A
  1. surface area
  2. permeability
  3. NFP
70
Q

Increasing systemic BP causes the afferent arterioles to do what?

A

Constrict, which restricts blood flow into the glomerulus and prevents glomerular BP from rising

71
Q

Sodium reabsorption is done what route?

A

transcellular (transepi) route

72
Q

How does Sodium enter the tubule cells?

A

from the filtrate at the luminal membrane

73
Q

How is sodium actively transported out?

A

Na+K+ATPase Pump

74
Q

Na+K+ATPase Pump is present where?

A

basolateral membrane

75
Q

the “push” comes from the gradient created by Na+K+ pumping at the basolateral membrane

A

Secondary Active Transport

76
Q

substances reabosrbed by Secondary Active Transport

A

glucose, amino acids, lactate, vitamins, and most Cations

77
Q

Where are most of the nutrients, water, sodium, and ions reabsorbed?

78
Q

Normal solute constituents of urine in descending order of concentration

A

(Water 95%) Urea, Na+, K+, PO4, SO4, creatinine and uric acid

79
Q

What occurs in tubular secretion?

A

substances are added to the filtrate (from the blood or tubule cells)…eliminates drugs, wastes, ions

80
Q

In the distal tubules and collecting ducts, reabsorption is hormonally controlled..
Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone

81
Q

Which hormone increases water reabsorption?

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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