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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How is Na+ reabsorbed?

  	by facilitated diffusion
  	by active transport using ATP
  	by receptor-mediated endocytosis
  	by diffusion
  	by osmosis
A

by active transport using ATP

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2
Q

The major calyces are the __________.

  	pyramid-shaped structures in the renal medulla
  	large branches of the renal pelvis
  	capsules surrounding each kidney
  	expanded ends of nephrons
  	functional units of the kidneys
A

large branches of the renal pelvis

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3
Q

Micturition is __________.

  	a form of glomerular filtration
  	the production of urine
  	the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
  	a mechanism for concentrating urine
  	a method of tubular reabsorption
A

the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra

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4
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

  	major calyx
  	renal corpuscle
  	loop of Henle
  	glomerulus
  	nephron
A

nephron

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5
Q

The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the __________.

  	afferent arteriole
  	segmental artery
  	interlobular artery
  	efferent arteriole
  	renal artery
A

afferent arteriole

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6
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.

  	renal pelvis
  	nephron
  	renal corpuscle
  	loop of Henle
  	papilla
A

renal corpuscle

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7
Q

An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

  	negative pressure
  	blood osmotic pressure
  	capsular hydrostatic pressure
  	capsular osmotic pressure
  	net filtration pressure
A

net filtration pressure

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8
Q

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct
blood volume decreases
less urine is produced
more salt is secreted by the nephron
the specific gravity of the urine decreases

A

less urine is produced

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9
Q

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?

  	tubuloglomerular response
  	countercurrent mechanism
  	renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
  	myogenic mechanism
  	adrenergic response
A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

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10
Q

hich substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

  	potassium
  	protein
  	uric acid
  	water
  	sodium
A

protein

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11
Q

Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment:
(1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
3, 4, 1, 5, 2
3, 2, 1, 4, 5

A

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

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12
Q

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate __________.

decreases
increases
does not change
cannot be determined

A

increases

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13
Q

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate __________.

untreated diabetes mellitus
albuminuria
trauma to the kidneys
infection of the urinary tract

A

untreated diabetes mellitus

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14
Q

Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?

It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
It produces epinephrine.
It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.

A

it produces epinephrine

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15
Q

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.

medial
superior
inferior
lateral

A

medial

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16
Q

Renal ptosis may lead to __________.

degeneration of the perirenal fat
bleeding in the kidney tissue
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
renal calculus formation

A

hydronephrosis due to urine backup

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17
Q

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.

medulla
glomerulus
pelvis
cortex

A

pelvis

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18
Q

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane EXCEPT the __________.

renal capsule
visceral layer
basement membrane
fenestrated endothelium

A

renal capsule

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19
Q

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules EXCEPT __________.

filtration
secretion
formation of urine
reabsorption

A

filtration

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20
Q

Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine?

peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

A

vasa recta

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21
Q

The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the __________.

cleavage of ATP
renal capillary hydrostatic pressure
concentration gradient established by Na+
filtration membrane

A

concentration gradient established by Na+

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22
Q

Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?

the proximal convoluted tubule
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule around the glomerulus
the vasa recta

A

the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron

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23
Q

Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.

prostaglandin E2
angiotensin II
ADH
renin

A

ADH

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24
Q

Which of the following is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?

drug metabolites
glucose
inulin
protein

A

inulin

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25
Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water? uric acid creatinine urea inulin
urea
26
Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. 50 liters 100 liters 200 liters 500 liters
200 liters
27
The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. renal pelvis renal column renal medulla renal cortex
renal medulla
28
Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. cortical radiate segmental renal interlobar
renal
29
__________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine. Renal pyramids Nephrons Glomerular capsules Major calyces
nephrons
30
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? in the proximal convoluted tubule in the collecting duct in the distal convoluted tubule in the renal corpuscle
in the renal corpuscle
31
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True False
True
32
In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls. True False
True
33
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration? anuria pyelitis renal ptosis hydronephrosis
anuria
34
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that __________. glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney glucose is too large to be filtered by the nephron the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded glucose is secreted in the collecting ducts of diabetics
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
35
Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop. True False
False
36
Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following? eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes ridding the body of excess glucose controlling blood pH disposing of substances, such as certain drugs
ridding the body of excess glucose
37
The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water. True False
True
38
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics. True False
True
39
Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person? It is slightly basic in pH. It is clear and pale to deep yellow. It is slightly aromatic. A given volume of urine has a greater specific gravity than the same volume of distilled water.
it is slightly basic in pH
40
Acts as an enzyme to help regulate blood pressure and kidney function
renin
41
Stimulates red blood cell production
erythropoeitin
42
The walls of the calyces, pelvis and ureter contain which type of muscle? function?
Smooth muscle, contract to propel urine-peristalsis
43
Pyelitis
Infection of the renal pelvis & Calyces
44
pyelonephritis
Infections that affect the entire kidneys
45
More than 90% of the blood entering the Kidneys perfuses through what?
renal cortex
46
What structures make up the renal corpuscle?
the glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus
47
The raw material the renal tubules process to form urine
filtrate
48
Podocytes
intertwine as they cling to basement membrane of the glomerulus
49
Receives filtrate from many nephrons
collecting ducts
50
Collecting ducts fuse together as they approach the renal pelvis and deliver urine into ?
The minor calyces via papillae of the pyramids
51
Walls of this structure are formed by cuboidal epi cells, with large mitochondria, their exposed surface have dense microvilli
walls of the PCT
52
Cells of the thin segment of the Loop of Henle
simple squamous epithelium
53
Cells of the thick segment
cuboidal/columnar epithelium
54
epithelial cells of the DCT
cuboidal epi with NO microvilli
55
Why is the BP in the glomerulus so high?
arterioles are high resistance vessels, and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent
56
Low pressure, porous capillaries that readily absorb solute and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate
peritubular capillaries
57
The capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron. The vasa recta reclaims reabsorbed substances, such as water and sodium ions. Play important role in forming concentrated urine
Vasa Recta
58
Capillary bed that reclaims most of the filtrate
peritubular capillaries
59
Resistance of the afferent arterioles serves what function?
protects the glomeruli from large fluctuations in systemic blood pressure
60
Resistance of the efferent arterioles serves what function?
Reinforces the high glomerular pressure and reduces the hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular caps
61
The fenestrations allow what through?
All plasma components but NOT RBCs
62
How are proteins prevented from entering the membrane?
they are negatively charged glycoporteins that repel other macromolecule ANIONS
63
In glomerular filtration, what kind of pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane?
Hydrostatic pressure
64
two factors of the glomerulus resulting in high net filtration pressure
1. its filtration membrane-large surface area and much more permeable to water and solutes 2. glomerular BP is higher
65
Keeping the plasma proteins IN the capillaries help's maintain?
colloid osmotic pressure of the glomerular blood, preventing loss of water
66
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane 
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
67
HPg is opposed by what two forces?
Colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
68
The volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all 2 million glomeruli of the kidneys
Glomerular filtration rate GFR
69
Three factors regulating filtration rate at the capillary beds
1. surface area 2. permeability 3. NFP
70
Increasing systemic BP causes the afferent arterioles to do what?
Constrict, which restricts blood flow into the glomerulus and prevents glomerular BP from rising
71
Sodium reabsorption is done what route?
transcellular (transepi) route
72
How does Sodium enter the tubule cells?
from the filtrate at the luminal membrane
73
How is sodium actively transported out?
Na+K+ATPase Pump
74
Na+K+ATPase Pump is present where?
basolateral membrane
75
the "push" comes from the gradient created by Na+K+ pumping at the basolateral membrane
Secondary Active Transport
76
substances reabosrbed by Secondary Active Transport
glucose, amino acids, lactate, vitamins, and most Cations
77
Where are most of the nutrients, water, sodium, and ions reabsorbed?
PCT
78
Normal solute constituents of urine in descending order of concentration
(Water 95%) Urea, Na+, K+, PO4, SO4, creatinine and uric acid
79
What occurs in tubular secretion?
substances are added to the filtrate (from the blood or tubule cells)...eliminates drugs, wastes, ions
80
In the distal tubules and collecting ducts, reabsorption is hormonally controlled.. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
81
Which hormone increases water reabsorption?
ANP

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