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A&P 2 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

The aorta is an example of a(n) __________.

elastic artery
muscular artery
arteriole
vein
A

elastic artery

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2
Q 
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	arterioles
	muscular arteries
	elastic arteries
	venules
A

arterioles

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3
Q

Gas and nutrient exchanges between the blood and tissues take place at the __________.

veins
arterioles
arteries
capillaries
A

capillaries

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4
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
A

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

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5
Q

Veins carry only oxygen deficient blood.

True
False
A

False

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6
Q

Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow?

increasing blood vessel length
anemia
atherosclerosis
vasoconstriction
A

anemia

decreases blood viscosity

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7
Q

Peripheral resistance ________.

increases as blood viscosity increases
increases as blood vessel diameter increases
decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
A

increases as blood viscosity increases

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8
Q

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

- It is relatively constant through all body organs.
- Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
- It is measured in mm Hg.
- It is greatest where resistance is highest.
A

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow?

total blood volume
blood viscosity
vessel diameter
vessel length
A

total blood volume

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10
Q

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

True
False
A

True

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11
Q

A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 or greater indicates hypertension in the patient.

True
False
A

True

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12
Q 
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?
	arterioles
	capillaries
	venules
	arteries
A

arterioles

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13
Q 
Factors that aid venous return include all except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	urinary output
	venous valves
	pressure changes in the thorax
	activity of skeletal muscles
A

urinary output

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14
Q

The pulse pressure is ________.

diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
A

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

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15
Q

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.
Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
A

Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

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16
Q

What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?

- hydrostatic pressure in interstitial fluid (HPif)
- osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc)
- osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid (OPif)
- hydrostatic pressure in capillary (HPc)
A

osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc)

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17
Q

When albumin levels in the blood are below normal, fluid absorption from the tissues into the bloodstream increases.

True
False
A

False

(Albumin is the major blood plasma protein. It greatly contributes to colloid osmotic pressure. If albumin levels are abnormally low, then colloid osmotic pressure will drop and absorption of fluids from the tissues into the capillaries will also diminish.)

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18
Q

Which of the following would be a result of anaphylaxis (a systemic allergic reaction)?

vascular shock
increased blood pressure
hypovolemic shock
cardiogenic shock
A

vascular shock

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19
Q

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

cold, clammy skin
rapidly falling blood pressure
increased heart rate
rapid, thready pulse
A

rapidly falling blood pressure

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20
Q

What is the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart?

A

Blood vessels constrict to increase venous return and maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to maintain cardiac output.

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21
Q

Which type of vessel contains elastin in all three tunics to allow the vessel to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood a)arteriole
B)elastic artery
c)distributing artery
D)muscular artery

A

elastic artery

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22
Q

Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated via vasoconstriction or vasodilation A) tunica externa
B) tunica media
C) tunica intima
D) vasa vasorum

A

tunica media

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23
Q 
What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein 
A) tunica media
B) tunica externa 
C) subendothelial layer
D) tunica intima
A

tunica externa

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24
Q 
What type of vessel has relatively more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue 
A) capillary
B) elastic artery
C) arteriole
D) muscular artery
A

muscular artery

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25
Q 
What type of vessel has relatively little smooth muscle or elastin in the tunica media, a large 
A) vein 
B) venule
C) arteriole
D) muscular artery
A

vein

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26
Q 
Which capillaries are the most common in the body 
A) sinusoids
B) anastomoses
C) fenestrated capillaries
D) continuous capillaries
A

continuous capillaries

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27
Q 
Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called 
A) arterioles
B) continuous capillaries
C) fenestrated capillaries
D) sinusoidal capillaries
A

sinusoidal capillaries

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28
Q

All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood.
True
False

A

False

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29
Q

Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and often treated by surgically removing them. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished primarily because ____
A) the precapillary sphincters will contract to prevent blood from flowing toward areas where veins have been removed
B) blood can still return via the deep veins
C) in the absence of the venous valves (that have been removed), the blood will backflow into the capillary beds and then flow into other venules
D) All of the listed responses are correct.

A

blood can still return via the deep veins

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30
Q

Which of the following is true about veins
A) Veins have valves; arteries do not.
B) Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart.
C) Veins have a smaller diameter lumen than arteries.
D) Veins are more muscular than arteries.

A

(A) Veins have valves arteries do not

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31
Q

Vasodilation will result in increased blood flow to a given tissue.
True
False

A

True

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32
Q

Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds
A) Because capillaries depend on the lower pressure to prevent fluid exchange between the capillaries and the tissue fluid.
B) Because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable
C) Because capillaries actually are high-pressure vessels.
D) Because capillaries actually need a higher blood pressure for filtration activities.

A

Capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable

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33
Q 
What vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approximately 35 mm Hg to around 17 mm Hg 
A) arterioles
B) veins
C) elastic arteries
D) capillaries
A

(D) Capillaries

34
Q

Which of the following is a long-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure?
A) renal regulation
B) hormonal control of peripheral resistance
C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
D) baroceptor-initiated reflexes

A

Renal regulation

35
Q 
Which of the following will lower blood pressure?
 A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 
D) angiotensin II
A

(C) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

36
Q 
Which vessel(s) of the pulmonary circuit transport(s) oxygen-rich blood? 
A) pulmonary arteries
B) pulmonary veins 
C) aorta
D) pulmonary trunk
A

(B) Pulmonary veins

37
Q

What type of tissue is found in the walls of the arteries that leave the heart but not in the walls of the large veins that enter the heart A) endothelium
B) collagen fibers
C) smooth muscle
D) elastic tissue

A

(D) Elastic tissue

38
Q 
Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? 
A) pulmonary arteries 
B) carotid arteries
C) renal arteries
D) aorta
A

(A) pulmonary arteries

39
Q

Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation A) aorta
B) pulmonary vein
C) superior vena cava
D) pulmonary trunk

A

(D) Pulmonary trunk

40
Q

Which action of the indirect renal mechanism promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to increase mean arterial pressure
A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) thirst
D) atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (ANP)

A

(A) Aldosterone

41
Q 
Which of the following is involved in long-term blood pressure regulation? 
A) baroreceptors
B) higher brain center
C) chemoreceptor reflexes
D) renal mechanisms
A

(D) Renal Mechanisms

42
Q 
Which of the following would not move by diffusion across a capillary into the surrounding tissue? 
Oxygen
Proteins
Lipid-soluble substances
Carbon dioxide
A

Proteins

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a capillary transport mechanism?

  • movement through intracellular clefts or fenestrations
  • diffusion through the membrane
  • bulk flow
  • transport via vesicles or caveolae
A

bulk flow

44
Q 
Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? 
Kidneys
Skeletal muscles
Skin
Brain
A

kidneys

45
Q 
Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? 
A) increasing stroke volume 
B) increasing heart rate 
C) rising blood volume 
D) falling blood volume 
E) all of these
A

falling blood volume

46
Q

Select the correct statement about blood flow.
A) It is relatively constant through all body organs.
B) It is measured in mm Hg.
C) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

A

D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

47
Q

During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________.

right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle
right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
right atrium and flows directly to the lungs
left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs

A

right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs

48
Q

During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________.

right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
right atrium and flows directly to the lungs
lungs and flows directly to the left atrium
right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta

A

eft ventricle and flows directly to the aorta

49
Q

The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________.

  	right ventricle
  	left atrium
  	aorta
  	right atrium
  	left ventricle
A

right atrium

50
Q

The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the __________.

  	lungs
  	paravertebral ganglia
  	digestive tract
  	kidneys
  	heart
A

kidneys

51
Q

Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the __________.

  	arteries and veins
  	arterioles and tissue cells
  	artery walls and tissue cells
  	capillaries and tissue cells
  	arterioles and venules
A

capillaries and tissue cells

52
Q

Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood CANNOT circulate normally is called __________.

  	atherosclerosis
  	arteriosclerosis
  	circulatory shock
  	varicose veins
  	hypertension
A

circulatory shock

53
Q

Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as __________.

  	arteriosclerosis
  	atherosclerosis
  	varicose veins
  	vasoconstriction
  	vasodilation
A

vasoconstriction

54
Q

The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body are the __________.

  	venules
  	arteries
  	veins
  	capillaries
  	arterioles
A

capillaries

55
Q

Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary?

  	valves
  	tunica intima
  	lymph nodes
  	tunica externa
  	precapillary sphincter
A

precapillary sphincter

56
Q

Loss of vasomotor tone that results in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as __________.

  	vasoconstriction
  	varicose veins
  	atherosclerosis
  	vascular shock
  	hypertension
A

vascular shock

57
Q

Which of the layers of an artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones?

tunica media
subendothelial layer
tunica media
tunica externa

A

tunica media

58
Q

Which of the following types of blood vessels have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels?

vasa vasorum
elastic arteries
arterioles
muscular arteries

A

muscular arteries

59
Q

The minute-to-minute blood flow through the capillary beds is determined by the __________.

number of elastic fibers in conducting arteries
constriction of elastic arteries
diameter of arterioles
elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media in muscular arteries

A

diameter of arterioles

60
Q

The presence of __________ stabilizes the wall of capillaries.

gap junctions
valves
pericytes
elastic fibers

A

pericytes

61
Q

At the arteriolar end of a capillary, __________ pushes fluid into the capillary.

hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid
osmotic pressure in the capillary
hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid

62
Q

The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the __________.

pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
microcirculation
hepatoportal circulation

A

systemic circulation

63
Q

A metarteriole is a vessel that __________.

drains the capillary bed
returns interstitial fluid to the circulation
is intermediate between a capillary and a venule
is intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed

A

is intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed

64
Q

Which of the following conditions would NOT increase the chances of developing varicose veins?

a potbelly in an obese person
standing to attention for long periods of time
running in place
pregnancy

A

running in place

65
Q

Up to 65% of the body’s blood supply is found in __________.

arterioles
arteries
capillaries
veins

A

veins

66
Q

Changes in peripheral resistance are primarily driven by __________.

blood viscosity
blood vessel diameter
blood vessel length
tunica intima thickness

A

blood vessel diameter

67
Q

n elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of __________.

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
conducting arteries
all arteries

A

muscular arteries

68
Q

Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow?

  	the pumping action of the heart
  	blood vessel diameter
  	total blood vessel length
  	peripheral resistance
  	blood viscosity
A

the pumping action of the heart

69
Q

Blood services the myocardium of the heart by coronary vessels that originate from the __________.

  	aorta
  	inside of the ventricles
  	superior vena cava
  	pulmonary artery
  	pulmonary veins
A

aorta

70
Q

The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the __________.

tunica media
tunica externa
tunica intima
endothelium

A

tunica media

71
Q 
Blood flows directly from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into capillary beds.
muscular arteries
  	arterioles
  	venules
  	elastic arteries
A

arterioles

72
Q

The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the __________.
fenestrated capillaries
capillaries found in the glomerulus of the kidney
sinusoid capillaries
continuous capillaries

A

continuous capillaries

73
Q 
When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open?
  	during exercise
  	while sleeping
  	between meals
  	when digesting a meal
A

when digesting a meal

74
Q 
Blood flow would be increased by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
	increasing blood vessel length
  	increasing cardiac output
  	decreasing blood pressure
  	decreasing vessel diameter
A

increased cardiac output

75
Q 
Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure?
  	atrial natriuretic peptide
  	antidiuretic hormone
  	epinephrine
  	angiotensin II
A

antidiuretic hormone

76
Q

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood.
True
False

A

False

77
Q 
Which of the following would experience increased blood flow during exercise?
kidneys
  	intestines
  	skin
  	brain
A

skin

78
Q

Fluids are likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if __________.
net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is less than net osmotic pressure (OP)
net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative
osmotic pressure (OP) in the capillary is high
net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP)

A

net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP)

79
Q

Blood flows from the lungs to the __________ via the __________.

left atrium; pulmonary veins
right atrium; pulmonary arteries
left atrium; pulmonary arteries
right atrium; pulmonary veins

A

left atrium; pulmonary veins

80
Q 
Blood from the brain is returned to the heart via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
abdominal aorta
  	inferior vena cava
  	superior vena cava
  	thoracic aorta
A

superior vena cava

81
Q 
The hepatic portal system collects blood from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and then routes it to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
	liver; GI tract
  	GI tract; liver
  	liver; kidneys
  	kidneys; liver
A

GI tract; liver

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