Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords? epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilages
A
arytenoid cartilages
2
Q
The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
alveoli respiratory bronchiole alveolar sacs alveolar duct
A
alveoli
3
Q
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
surfactant production pseudostratified ciliated epithelium surface tension of water C-shaped cartilage rings
A
C-shaped cartilage rings
4
Q
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
ciliated mucous lining in the nose porous structure of turbinate bones action of the epiglottis abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
A
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
5
Q
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
True False
A
True
6
Q
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
True False
A
False
7
Q
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
True False
A
True
8
Q
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.
True False
A
False
9
Q
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? transpulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure
A
intrapulmonary pressure
10
Q
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? transpulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pressure
A
intrapleural pressure
11
Q
Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg.
4 mm Hg -1 mm Hg -4 mm Hg 9 mm Hg
A
4 mmHg
12
Q
Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? Boyle's law Dalton's law of partial pressures Haldane effect Henry's law
A
Boyle’s law
13
Q
Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?
Ppul = Patm
Ppul Patm
Ppul
A
Ppul
14
Q
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
A
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
15
Q
What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male? 2400 ml 4800 ml 6000 ml 3600 ml
A
4800 ml
16
Q
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
as carbon monoxide in plasma dissolved in plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as bicarbonate ion in plasma
A
dissolved in plasma
17
Q
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.
intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
A
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
18
Q
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
humidifying the air before it enters protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations warming the air before it enters interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
A
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
19
Q
Which of these is not a characteristic of emphysema? A) bronchial edema B) destruction of alveolar walls C) loss of lung elasticity D) air trapping
A
A) bronchiole edema
20
Q
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood ________.
A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs contains one molecule of O2
B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently
C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
than normal
A
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
21
Q
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.
A
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
22
Q
Which of the following is not possible?
A) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.
D) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
A
B) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
23
Q
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because ________.
A) the temperature is lower at higher altitudes
B) the basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
A
D) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
24
Q
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
A) the smooth muscles of the lung
B) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
C) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
D) surface tension from pleural fluid, negative pressure, and atmospheric pressure on the thorax
A
D) surface tension from pleural fluid, negative pressure, and atmospheric pressure on the thorax
25
```
The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) as a passageway for air movement
B) as the initiator of the cough reflex
C) warming and humidifying the air
D) cleansing the air
```
B) as the initiator of the cough reflex
26
```
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
B) the total amount of exchangeable air
C) functional residual capacity
D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
```
A) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
27
```
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
```
B) alveoli
28
Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
A) 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma.
B) 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.
C) The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport.
D) Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobin.
C) The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport.
29
Impairments of oxygen transport include ________.
A) anemic hypoxia, usually caused by congestive heart failure
B) carbon monoxide poisoning, a form of hypoxemic hypoxia
C) stagnant hypoxia, due to a functional problem with the lungs
D) hypoxemic hypoxia, resulting from a decrease in levels of functional red blood cells
B) carbon monoxide poisoning,
30
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
31
The larynx contains ________.
A) the thyroid cartilage
B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adamʹs apple
C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
D) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
A) the thyroid cartilage
32
```
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) filtration
D) active transport
```
B) diffusion
33
Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
C) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
34
```
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
A) reserve air
B) expiratory reserve
C) inspiratory capacity
D) vital capacity
```
C) inspiratory capacity
35
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) rising carbon dioxide levels
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
D) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
B) rising blood pressure
36
```
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume
```
B) vital capacity
37
```
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) taking several rapid deep breaths
D) getting very cold
```
A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
38
```
The ideal vital capacity of an individual is around ________.
A) 1200 ml
B) 3100 ml
C) 4800 ml
D) 6600 ml
```
C) 4800 ml
39
Tidal volume is air ________.
A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) inhaled after normal inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
40
Which of the following does not diminish lung compliance?
A) factors that block the bronchi
B) factors that impair the flexibility of the thoracic cage
C) factors that reduce the natural resilience of the lungs
D) factors that decrease the surface tension of the fluid film of the alveoli
D) factors that decrease the surface tension of the fluid film of the alveoli
41
Which of the following changes occurs as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller?
A) Cartilage rings are gradually replaced by regular plates of cartilage.
B) Resistance to air flow decreases due to the increased number of tubes.
Which of the following changes occurs as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller?
A) Cartilage rings are gradually replaced by regular plates of cartilage.
B) Resistance to air flow decreases due to the increased number of tubes.
C) Smooth muscle amount increases.
D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium which lines the alveoli.
D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium which lines the alveoli.
C) Smooth muscle amount increases.
42
```
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) blood pH adjustment
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration
```
B) blood pH adjustment
43
```
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
A) adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposiʹs sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma
```
B) Kaposiʹs sarcoma
44
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
45
```
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) loss of oxygen in tissues
B) increase of carbon dioxide
C) pH (acidosis)
D) pH (alkalosis)
```
B) increase of carbon dioxide
46
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because ________.
A) a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
47
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
A) at least 3 micrometers thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
48
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
49
```
The statement, ʺin a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases
in the mixtureʺ paraphrases ________.
A) Henryʹs law
B) Boyleʹs law
C) Daltonʹs law
D) Charlesʹ law
```
C) Daltonʹs law
50
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
A) pressure within the pleural cavity
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
51
The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because ________.
A) they contain cilia that protect the lungs
B) they control the volume of the lungs
C) they maintain the proper temperature of the lungs during sleep
D) they produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during
breathing
D) they produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during
breathing
52
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.
A) to secrete surfactant
B) to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
C) to replace mucus in the alveoli
D) to trap dust and other debris
A) to secrete surfactant
53
The loudness of a person's voice depends on ________.
A) the length of the vocal folds
B) the strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
C) the thickness of vestibular folds
D) the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
D) the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
54
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
True or False
False
55
Daltonʹs law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
True or False
True
56
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
True or False
True
57
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
True or False
False
58
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
True or False
True
59
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
60
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
True
False
False
61
Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?
brain
spleen
muscles
costal cartilages
costal cartilages
62
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
dissolved in the plasma
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
63
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
release of hydrogen ion
the Haldane effect
the Bohr effect
chloride shifting
chloride shifting
64
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:
During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
65
During inspiration, air moves into the lungs because __________.
abdominal muscles contract
the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration
contraction of the internal intercostal muscles decreases the thoracic cavity volume
contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity
the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
66
Alveolar ventilation rate is __________.
the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism
less than the pulmonary ventilation rate because of dead space
the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
67
Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where __________.
pH is more acidic
partial pressures of carbon dioxide are lower
partial pressures of oxygen are higher
pH is more alkaline
pH is more acidic
68
n the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is __________.
lower than the PO2 of systemic venous blood
much higher than the PO2 of systemic arterial blood
approximately 104 millimeters of mercury
equal to the PO2 of systemic venous blood
equal to that in the tissues
approximately 104 millimeters of mercury
69
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is __________.
```
carried by white blood cells
converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma
bound to the same protein as oxygen
dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin
```
converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma
70
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called __________.
```
external respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
cellular respiration
```
pulmonary ventilation
71
Which tissue lines the trachea?
```
simple squamous epithelium
areolar connective tissue
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
hyaline cartilage
stratified squamous epithelium
```
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
72
Of the respiratory measurements listed, which one normally has the greatest value?
```
tidal volume
residual volume
vital capacity
inspiratory capacity
expiratory reserve volume
```
vital capacity
73
Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack can cause a person to become faint because of __________.
increased CO2 levels caused by an increase in cellular respiration, reducing brain perfusion and causing ischemia
the effects of increased O2 levels in the blood and the consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
decreased O2 levels in the blood, causing cells to lack adequate ATP synthesis
increased temperature caused by increased intercostal muscle activity
lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
74
Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as __________.
```
carbaminohemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions
dissolved gas in the plasma
```
carbaminohemoglobin
75
Which of the following statements about voice production is INCORRECT?
The more tense the vocal cords, the higher the pitch.
Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords.
The larynx enlarges in males during puberty.
The glottis is wide when deep tones are produced.
Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords
76
What type of pressure keeps the air spaces in the lungs open?
intrapleural
atmospheric
transpulmonary
intrapulmonary
transpulmonary
77
Which of the following would NOT cause atelectasis?
plugging of bronchioles
loss of lung elasticity
when intrapleural pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
a chest wound that perforates the pleura and allows air into the pleural cavity
loss of lung elasticity
78
Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because __________.
the blood flow is very high in comparison to the viscosity of air
the airway resistance is not related to the diameter of the conducting tubes in the respiratory system
the gas flow stops in the medium-sized bronchioles and diffusion takes over; therefore, airway resistance is no longer an issue
the airways branch extensively as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area
the airways branch extensively as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area
79
The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the __________ and the __________ pressure.
atmospheric; intrapulmonary
atmospheric; intrapleural
intrapulmonary; intrapleural
intrapleural; alveolar
intrapulmonary;intrapleural
80
Which of the following conditions would NOT decrease the total respiratory compliance?
paralysis of the intercostal muscles
increase in lung compliance
thorax deformities
calcification of the coastal cartilages
increase in lung compliance
81
Which substance, produced by type II alveolar cells, decreases alveolar surface tension?
surfactant
elastic fibers
alveolar pores
macrophages
surfactant
82
Which of the following is NOT involved in respiration?
internal respiration
external ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
external ventilation
83
Which of the following occurs during infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?
Histamine and other inflammatory chemicals cause the baby's bronchioles to constrict.
The baby's cilia are damaged or destroyed, and only coughing can prevent mucus from accumulating in the lungs.
The baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.
The pleurae produce an excessive amount of fluid, putting pressure on the baby's lungs, hindering breathing.
The baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.
84
The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called __________.
hyperpnea
hypocapnia
hyperventilation
Hering-Breuer reflex
hyperpnea
