Urinary System Flashcards
The supra renal glands on each kidney is known as
Adrenal glands
What structures are retroperitoneal (behind)
Kidneys and ureters
Which structures are infraperitoneal (below)
Bladder and urethra
The urinary system is consisted of what
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder and 1 urethra
Purpose of ureters
Transportation channels for urine from kidneys to bladder.
Purpose of bladder
Serves as a reservoir that stores urine.
The right kidney sits lower than the left due to what
Due to the liver pushing it down
Kidney orientation to the coronal plane
Normal kidney location is about 30 degrees posterior to the coronal plane
What position will place the RIGHT kidney parallel to the IR
30degrees LPO
what position will place the LEFT kidney parallel to the IR
30degress RPO
Normal kidney location
top of LEFT kidney: T11-T12
Bottom of RIGHT kidney: L3
Each kidney is surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue that is termed
Adipose capsule OR perirenal fat
What causes the kidneys to have a 30degrees rotation
The psoas muscles and the midline location of the vertebral column
Upon inspiration/expiration and standing erect, how far does the kidneys move?
2 inches
Primary functions of the urinary system
Production and elimination of urine
The kidneys are fed blood by what?
Kidneys are fed by right and left renal arteries, directly off of the aorta
The returning vein or renal veins returns the blood to where
Returns the blood directly to the IVC (inferior vena cava)
Structures like the renal artery/vein, nerves and urters all enters and exit where in the kidney
All occurs at the hilum
What are the 2 poles of the kidneys
Upper and lower poles
What forces urine from the kidney, down the ureter, to the bladder
Gravity and peristalsis
What are the 3 constricted points of each ureters
UPJ (ureteropelvic junction)
Pelvic brim
UVJ (ureterovesical junction)
What is a trigone
The area of the bladder where the ureters enters and the urethra exits
What is UPJ
Ureteropelvic juntion: first constricted points where the renal pelvis funnels down into the small ureter.
What is UVJ
Ureterovesical junction: the third constricted point where the ureter joins the bladder.
On males, what surround the urethra
The prostrate gland. It produces fluid that improves the motility of the sperm during production
Total capacity of bladder
350-500mL
The urge to urinate begins at what bladder capacity
250mL
2 types of iodinated contrast media used in urology
Ionic and non-ionic
Ionic vs non-ionic
Ionic has a Higher osmolality therefore a greater chance of reaction.
Non-ionic has a lower osmolality therefore a less chance of reaction.
Blood chemistry to check prior to use of contrast :
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) should be 8-25mg per 100mL
Creatinine level: should be 0.6-1.5 mg/dL
What are the categories of contrast media reactions
Local reactions (to area where injected) Systemic reaction (entire body or specific organ system)
A mild, non allergic reaction includes:
Nausea
Vomiting
Metallic taste
Warm flush sensation.
A moderate, anaphylactic reaction includes:
Moderate to severe hives
Tachycardia/bradycardia
Hypotension
A severe, vasovagal reaction includes:
Loss of consciousness
Cardiac arrest
Respiratory arrest
No detectable pulse
Contraindications of using contrast media
Diabetes Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media CHF Renal failure Renal disease
Functional tests includes
IVU Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
Basic positions for urinary system includes:
AP KUB 30degrees posterior obliques Prone abdomen Erect KUB Tomos (3 cuts to catch the "blush" of the kidney
Basic prep for IVU:
NPO 6-8hrs
Enema morning of study to clean bowel
No food
Non function exams include:
Retrograde urography
Retrograde cystography
What are the 2 ways to visualize the urinary system
Injection of contrast in a vein
Direct injection into the system by catheter
