Urinary System

Question 1

The supra renal glands on each kidney is known as

Answer 1

Adrenal glands

Question 2

What structures are retroperitoneal (behind)

Answer 2

Kidneys and ureters

Question 3

Which structures are infraperitoneal (below)

Answer 3

Bladder and urethra

Question 4

The urinary system is consisted of what

Answer 4

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder and 1 urethra

Question 5

Purpose of ureters

Answer 5

Transportation channels for urine from kidneys to bladder.

Question 6

Purpose of bladder

Answer 6

Serves as a reservoir that stores urine.

Question 7

The right kidney sits lower than the left due to what

Answer 7

Due to the liver pushing it down

Question 8

Kidney orientation to the coronal plane

Answer 8

Normal kidney location is about 30 degrees posterior to the coronal plane

Question 9

What position will place the RIGHT kidney parallel to the IR

Answer 9

30degrees LPO

Question 10

what position will place the LEFT kidney parallel to the IR

Answer 10

30degress RPO

Question 11

Normal kidney location

Answer 11

top of LEFT kidney: T11-T12

Bottom of RIGHT kidney: L3

Question 12

Each kidney is surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue that is termed

Answer 12

Adipose capsule OR perirenal fat

Question 13

What causes the kidneys to have a 30degrees rotation

Answer 13

The psoas muscles and the midline location of the vertebral column

Question 14

Upon inspiration/expiration and standing erect, how far does the kidneys move?

Answer 14

2 inches

Question 15

Primary functions of the urinary system

Answer 15

Production and elimination of urine

Question 16

The kidneys are fed blood by what?

Answer 16

Kidneys are fed by right and left renal arteries, directly off of the aorta

Question 17

The returning vein or renal veins returns the blood to where

Answer 17

Returns the blood directly to the IVC (inferior vena cava)

Question 18

Structures like the renal artery/vein, nerves and urters all enters and exit where in the kidney

Answer 18

All occurs at the hilum

Question 19

What are the 2 poles of the kidneys

Answer 19

Upper and lower poles

Question 20

What forces urine from the kidney, down the ureter, to the bladder

Answer 20

Gravity and peristalsis

Question 21

What are the 3 constricted points of each ureters

Answer 21

UPJ (ureteropelvic junction)
Pelvic brim
UVJ (ureterovesical junction)

Question 22

What is a trigone

Answer 22

The area of the bladder where the ureters enters and the urethra exits

Question 23

What is UPJ

Answer 23

Ureteropelvic juntion: first constricted points where the renal pelvis funnels down into the small ureter.

Question 24

What is UVJ

Answer 24

Ureterovesical junction: the third constricted point where the ureter joins the bladder.

Question 25

On males, what surround the urethra

Answer 25

The prostrate gland. It produces fluid that improves the motility of the sperm during production

Question 26

Total capacity of bladder

Answer 26

350-500mL

Question 27

The urge to urinate begins at what bladder capacity

Answer 27

250mL

Question 28

2 types of iodinated contrast media used in urology

Answer 28

Ionic and non-ionic

Question 29

Ionic vs non-ionic

Answer 29

Ionic has a Higher osmolality therefore a greater chance of reaction. Non-ionic has a lower osmolality therefore a less chance of reaction.

Question 30

Blood chemistry to check prior to use of contrast :

Answer 30

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) should be 8-25mg per 100mL | Creatinine level: should be 0.6-1.5 mg/dL

Question 31

What are the categories of contrast media reactions

Answer 31

``` Local reactions (to area where injected) Systemic reaction (entire body or specific organ system) ```

Question 32

A mild, non allergic reaction includes:

Answer 32

Nausea Vomiting Metallic taste Warm flush sensation.

Question 33

A moderate, anaphylactic reaction includes:

Answer 33

Moderate to severe hives Tachycardia/bradycardia Hypotension

Question 34

A severe, vasovagal reaction includes:

Answer 34

Loss of consciousness Cardiac arrest Respiratory arrest No detectable pulse

Question 35

Contraindications of using contrast media

Answer 35

``` Diabetes Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media CHF Renal failure Renal disease ```

Question 36

Functional tests includes

Answer 36

``` IVU Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) ```

Question 37

Basic positions for urinary system includes:

Answer 37

``` AP KUB 30degrees posterior obliques Prone abdomen Erect KUB Tomos (3 cuts to catch the "blush" of the kidney ```

Question 38

Basic prep for IVU:

Answer 38

NPO 6-8hrs Enema morning of study to clean bowel No food

Question 39

Non function exams include:

Answer 39

Retrograde urography | Retrograde cystography

Question 40

What are the 2 ways to visualize the urinary system

Answer 40

Injection of contrast in a vein | Direct injection into the system by catheter