Upper Gastrointestinal System: Flashcards
Positioning for upper GI
RAO PA RIGHT LATERAL LPO AP
Describe what is visualized for RAO for upper GI series
To visualize polyps and ulcers of the pylorus, duodenal bulb, and the c-loop of the duodenum
Retrogastric space? Where is that
Space behind the stomach
RAO: which part of the stomach is barium filled and air filled
fundus (air filled)
Pylorus (barium filled)
Duodenal bulb (barium filled)
What clinical indication is visualized on a PA projection of upper GI series
Polyps, diverticula, bezoar psych and signs of gastric in the body and the pylorus of the stomach
What are the accessory organs of the GI system?
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands
Ratio of thin barium.
1 part barium and one part water.
Ratio of thick barium.
3 or 4 parts barium to 1 part water.
Which lobe of the liver is the larger lobe?
Right lobe of the liver
The liver is held in place by what?
Falciform ligament
Main function of the liver?
Production of bile
Function of bile
Aides in the digestion of fats by emulsifying fat globules and the absorption of fat following its digestion.
Extra hepatic duct belongs to which organ
Liver
Cystic duct belongs to which organ
Gallbladder
Bile route
Lt. and rt. Hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, then temporarily stored in gallbladder via the cystic duct OR secreted directly to duodenum via the common bile duct. From there it joins w/pancreatic duct at the hepatopancreatic sphincter before emptying into the duodenum via the duodenal papilla.
Another name for the pancreatic duct
Duct of Wirsung
Another name for hepatopancreatic sphincter
Sphincter of Oddi
Three parts of the gallbladder
Fundus, body, neck
The most distal end and broadest part of the gallbladder
Fundus part of the gallbladder
What’s the difference b/w the cystic duct to all the other ducts
It contains SPIRAL VALVE, membranous folds, that functions to prevent distention or collapse of the cystic duct.
How much bile can a normal gallbladder typically holds
30-40 mL of bile.
Three primary functions of the gallbladder
To store bile
To concentrate bile
To contract when stimulated
When does the gallbladder contract
When fatty foods and fatty acids are in the duodenum, theses foods stimulate the duodenal mucosa to secrete the hormone CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) and as CCK increases in blood, the gallbladder contracts
What is Chloelithiasis
Stones in gallbladder
What is cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder
Another name for the digestive system proper
Alimentary canal
Where does the alimentary canal begins and its route through the body
Begins at the oral cavity (mouth) and continues as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small intestine. Ends at the large intestines which terminates at the anus.
Three function of the digestive system
Intake/digestion of food
Absorption of food particles, water, vitamins, etc
Eliminate waste products
Esophagogram aka BA Swallow is done to evaluate what
This studies the form and function of the swallowing aspect of the pharynx and esophagus
Upper GI series is done to evaluate what
To study the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
What are the three parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx (behind nose)
Oropharynx (behind mouth)
Laryngopharynx (above larynx but below oro)
What is the first part of digestion
Mastication (chewing)
What is the termed for swallowing
Deglutition
What are the three saliva secretion glands and where are they located
Parotid (near ear)
Submandibular (below mandible)
Sublingual (below tongue)
What happens to the epiglottis during degutition
The epiglottis is depressed to cover the laryngeal opening. The closing of the epiglottis prevents food and fluids from being aspirated into the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Where does the esophagus start and stop
From C5/C6 to T-11 roughly.
What are the two indentations of the esophagus
- Aortic arch
2. Left primary bronchus
Another term for the abdominal segment of the esophagus
Cardiac Antrum
What are the three things that passes through the diaphragm
Esophagus (cardiac Antrum)
Aorta
Inferior vena cava
The opening between the esophagus and the stomach is termed?
Esophagastric junction aka cardiac orifice
What is the termed for a wavelike series of involuntary muscular contractions that propel solid and semisolid materials through the tubular alimentary canal?
Peristalsis
Where is the stomach located
Between the esophagus and small intestine
What does the stomach serves as
As a reservoir for swallowed food and fluid
Another name for cardiac notch
Incisura cardiaca
Another name for angular notch
Incisura angularis
Mucosal folds within the stomach is termed
Rugae
What does the Rugae do within the stomach
Assist in mechanical digestion of food within the stomach
What is the function of the gastric canal within the stomach
It funnels fluids directly from the body of the stomach to the pylorus.
Location of the fundus in the body
Posterior of the body of the stomach
In supine position how is the barium orientated
Barium in the fundus
Air in the body and pulorus
RAO position how is the barium orientated
Air in fundus
Barium in body and pylorus
Prone position how is the barium orientated
Air in fundus
Barium in body and pylorus
The four parts of the duodenum
- Duodenal bulb
- Descending duodenum
- Transverse/horizontal duodenum
- Ascending duodenum
What’s the connection point between the duodenum and the jejunum
Duodenojejunal flex urge
What’s the ligament that holds the duodenum in placed termed
Ligament of Treitz
What are two ways of getting contents from the mouth to the stomach.
Peristalsis and gravity
Why would gastrografin be used sometimes instead of barium sulfate for a fluoroscopic procedure
If there is a definite known obstruction or/and for post-op because if there is, the barium will escape into the peritoneal cavity and cause intestinal infarcts or peritonitis
What is double contrast
Barium and air or CO2 gas
What is termed positive contrast
Barium or radiopaque
What is termed negative contrast
Air or gas or radiolucent
What kind of contrast is gastrografin
Water soluble iodinated contrary
Where should the technologist NOT be standing during a fluoroscopic procedure
NOT at either ends of the table. Instead by patient belly or the middle of the table
Instructions for patient for preparation for Upper GI
NPO 4-6 hrs prior to procedure
Instructions for patients for preparation for BA swallow
No specific instructions because the esophagus is always emptying involuntarily.
What’s the purpose of the valsalva and mueller maneuver
To create intrabdominal pressure to check for reflux. Other testing is the water test and toe touching test.
What condition in which a portion of the stomach goes through the diaphragmatic opening
Hiatal hernia
What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Most common gastric obstruction in infants that causes an obstruction at the pylorus
What are ulcers
Erosions of the stomach or duodenal mucosa that are caused by diet, smoking, stress
What position places the entire esophagus between the thoracic spine and heart in a BA Swallow
Lateral
CR for esophagogram aka BA swallow
T5/T6 which is 2-3” below jugular notch
Breathing instruction for BA swallow
Expiration
CR difference between sthentic, asthenic, and hyper sthentic patients.
Sthentic is at level of L1
Asthenic is 2” below L1
Hyper sthentic is 2” above L1
Clinical indication purpose for RAO for upper GI
To visualize the C-loop of the duodenum
Clinical indication purpose of PA of upper GI
Polyps, diverticula, bezoar a and gastritis in the body or pylorus of the stomach
Clinical indication purpose for right lateral of upper GI
To visualize the retrogastric space (space behind stomach)
LPO purpose of upper GI
Demonstrates signs of gastritis and ulcers
PA PURPOSE for upper GI
To check for possible hiatal hernia