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Anatomy 4LE HM > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the components of the urinary system and their respective function

A

Kidneys- process a filtrate of the blood to form urine
Ureters - conduct urine from the kidney to bladder
Urinary bladder - temporary storage for urine
Urethra - passage thru which urine is voided

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretory - waste products of metabolism is excreted thru production of urine
Maintenance of body homeostasis - kidneys maintain the acid base balance of the body and maintain the normal body fluid by eliminating excess waster
Endocrine - releases of hormones like erythropoietin and renin ( control blood pressure)
Reproductive - exclusive to male urethra as passageways for semen. ( in females, urethra is for urinary function only)

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3
Q

Explain the gross structure of the kidney

A

Bean shaped, reddish brown organ
Retroperitoneal on the posterior abdominal wall
Extend from T12 - L3
120-170g avg 150g
10-12cm L x 5-6cm W x 3-4cm a-p thickness

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4
Q

Explain the position of the kidney

A

Left kidney is 1-2cm higher than the right kidney because of the presence of the liver in the right

In a Supine position - 
Left kidney superior pole - T12
Inferior pole - L3
Right kidney - IVC
Left kidney - aorta
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5
Q

What structures can bee seen. Between the kidneys?

A

Celiac plexus and ANS ganglia

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6
Q

Explain the anterior anatomical relations of the kidney

A

Right kidney :
Transpyloric plane passes thru right pole
Hepatic flexure of the colon and duodenum
Right kidney is separated from the liver by the Hepatorenal recess

Left kidney:
Tail of the pancreas
Splenic flexure
Stomach
Jejunum
Descending colon
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7
Q

Explain the posterior anatomical relations of the kidney

A

2/3 of the posterior kidney lie on the quadrants limbo rum ms ( part of the posterior abdominal wall)
Medially - psoas ms
Laterally - transversus abdominis
Upper 1/3 of posterior kidney lies on the abdominal surface and arcuate ligament of the diaphragm

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8
Q

What are the structures to take note of during surgery of the kidney via the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Sub costal or 12th intercostal nerve
Iliohypoogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

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9
Q

What is the main function of the renal fascia?

A

It provides or serves as a barrier against spread of infection

Note: renal fascia

  • represents the TRUE capsule
  • can be stripped off from normal parenchyma
  • thin, fibrous glistening membrane which encloses the renal parenchyma
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10
Q

What is the adipose capsule found immediately outside the true capsule?

A

Perirenal/ perinephric fat

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11
Q

The renal capsules are compose of what structures?

A

Perirenal/perinephric fat
Gerota’s fascia/ fibrous renal fascia
Pararenal/ para nephron fat

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12
Q

What is the Pararenal or para euphoric fat?

A

Extra peritoneal fat of the lumbar region

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13
Q

What is the gerota’s fascia or fibrous renal fascia?

A

Fascia enclosing the Perirenal fat. Referred to as renal fascia

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14
Q

What is the Perirenal or perinephric fat?

A

Adipose capsule found immediately outside the true capsule

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15
Q

Explain the border curvature relationship of the kidney

A

Convex lateral border

Concave medial border

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16
Q

Explain the structure of the kidney

A

Convex lateral border
Concave medial border
Rounded poles , superior and inferior
Medial surface is concave indented by the hills which leads to the renal sinus

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17
Q

Differentiate renal sinus vs renal pelvis

A

Renal sinus is the area surrounding the calyces

Renal pelvis is the expanded upper end of the ureter.

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18
Q

It transmits renal vessels

A

Hilus

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19
Q

State the renal vessels from anterior to posterior

A

Renal vein
2 renal arteries
Ureter

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20
Q

Differentiate the shape of kidney and renal pelvis

A

Kidney is bean shape or ovoid shape

Renal pelvis is flattens, funnel shape

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21
Q

It is the expansion of the superior end of the ureter

A

Renal pelvis

Note: apex of the renal pelvis is continuous with the ureter
Receive 2-3 major calyces

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22
Q

The minor calyces of the renal pelvis is indented by what structure?

A

Renal papilla, the apex of the renal pyramid, from which the urine is excreted

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23
Q

Explain the internal appearance of the kidney

A

The renal pyramid contain the collecting tumbles and from the medulla of the kidney. The renal cortex contain the renal corpuscles.
The renal papilla, project into the minor calyces,into which they discharge urine, which then passes into the major calyces and renal pelvis

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24
Q

Enumerate the structures of the renal parenchyma

A

Cortex ( outer ) - dark brown and grainy

Medulla ( inner ) - light brown and striated

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25
Q

List and explain the parts of the outer renal parenchyma.

A

Cortical arches
Renal columns of bertin - in between pyramids
Medullary rays - long delicate processes separating tubules
Contains Nephron - only in cortex

Note: outer renal parenchyma is also known as cortex

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26
Q

Perforated tips located in the medulla or the inner renal parenchyma where the urine passes through.

A

Area cribosa

Note:
Medulla have 6-10 medullary pyramids
Apex - renal papilla and area cribosa
Base - medulAry rays made up of collecting tables and LH

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27
Q

Each medullary pyramids plus the cortical tissue at its base and along it’s side constitutes what structure?

A

Renal lobe.

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28
Q

Laterality and shaped of the suprarenal (adrenal ) glands

A

L suprarenal gland - crescent shape - superomedial

R - suprarenal gland - pyramid in shaped - more apical location

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29
Q

It is located between superomedial aspects of kidney and diaphragm

A

Suprarenal gland

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30
Q

Suprarenal gland is separated from the kidney via a what? Which is a part of what?

A

Thin septum , renal fascia

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31
Q

What is the major attachment of suprarenal gland?

A

Diaphragmatic crura.

Suprarenal gland is not attached to the kidney so the movement of the diaphragm may move the gland

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32
Q

Compare the left and right adrenal gland by shape, location and anatomical relations

A

Shape: L-crescent R-pyramid
Location: L-superomedial R-more apical, located anterolateral to the right crus of diaphragm

Anatomical relations: L-related to spleen , stomach, pancreas and left crus of diaphragm
R-in contact with liver, anterolaterally
In contact with IVC, anteromedially

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33
Q

What are the parts of adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal cortex - derived from mesoderm
- secretes androgen and steroids, these hormones cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water in response to stress, increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Suprarenal medulla - from neuroectoderm

  • mass of nervous tissue permeated with capillaries and sinusoids associated with sympathetic nervous system
  • chromaffin cells of medulla are related to sympathetic Anglian neurons and both derivation and function
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34
Q

Chromatin cells secretes?

A

Catecholamines

Where epinephrine and norepinephrine activates the body’s fight or flight response

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35
Q

Why does the suprarenal gland or adrenalin gland has abundant blood supply?

A

Because of its endocrine function

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36
Q

What are the arterial blood supply of the adrenal gland or suprarenal gland

A

Superior suprarenal a. Fom inferior phrenic a.
Middle suprarenal a from abdominal aorta
Inferior suprarenal a from the renal a

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37
Q

What are the venous drainage of the suprarenal glands via suprarenal veins

A

R suprarenal veins -> IVC

L suprarenal veins -> L renal vein

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38
Q

What are the nerve supply of the suprarenal glands

A

Celiac plexus and abdominopelvic splay chic nerves

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers - derived from the lateral horn of gray matter of spinal cord T10-L1

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39
Q

What is the main arterial blood supply to the kidneys?

A

Renal Artery

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40
Q

Which renal artery is longer?

A

Right renal artery

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41
Q

Where does the renal artery arises?

A

Arises from the IV disc between the L1 and L2

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42
Q

What are the vascular/Renal segments?

A 
Apical Segmental a.
Anteroinferior Segmental a.
anterosuperior Segmental a.
inferior Segmental a.
posterior Segmental a.
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43
Q

Where does the venous drainage of the kidneys blood supply

A

Renal veins -> IVC

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44
Q

Left renal vein receives blood from?

A

L. suprarenal v
L gonadal v
L ascending lumbar v

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45
Q

what are the microvasculature of the kidney

A

interlobar a
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries

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46
Q

a microvasculature of the kidney that is present on each side of the renal lobe

A

interlobar a

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47
Q

a microvasculature of the kidney that serves as the entrance to the glomerus

A

afferent arteriole

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48
Q

a microvasculature of the kidney that serves as the exit from the glomerus

A

efferent arteriole

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49
Q

In the vasa recta, the microvasculature to the kidneys loop back into thecortex to become _____?

A

interlobular vein

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50
Q

What are the medullary blood supply?

A

vasa recta

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51
Q

What are the two types of vasa recta?

A

vasa recta vera - true vasa recta

vasa recta spuriae - false vasa recta

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52
Q

where does the vasa recta vera arise directly from?

A

arcuateor interlobular vein

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53
Q

participates in countercurrent exchange system

A

vasa recta vera

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54
Q

vasa recta spuriae extends to __?

A

cortex and the medulla

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55
Q

What are the parts of the ureter

A

renal pelvis
abdominal uereter - false ureter
pelvic ureter - true ureter
intravesical ureter

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56
Q

Ureters are muscular tube that is ____ in location and its length is ____. Ureters is continous superiorly with the ______.

A

retroperitoneal
20-25cm
renal pelvis

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57
Q

right ureter is parallel or lateral to _____ while the left ureter is parallel or lateral with the ______

A

IVC

abdominal aorta

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58
Q

Ureter runs in the medial part of ____

A

psoas muscles

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59
Q

ureter is obliquely crossed by ____

A

gonadal vessels

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60
Q

ureter lies anterior to the ______ from the ____

A

internal iliac artery

pelvic side wall

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61
Q

ureters enter the bladder _____?

A

posteriorly

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62
Q

ureters cross ________ to enter ______ near the bifurcation of ________

A

iliac vessels ; pelvis; internal and external arteries

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63
Q

Uereters courses under the uterine vessels very near the _____ of the uterus

A

isthmus

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64
Q

state the ureteric constrictions

A
  • junction of tghe ureters and renal pelvis
  • where the ureters cros the pelvic brim
  • during passage thru the wall of urinary bladder
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65
Q

It is the most common pathalogic condition in the kidneys

A

kidney stones

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66
Q

What are the arterial blood supply of the ureters

A

renal a
testicular or ovarian a
abdominal a
common iliac a

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67
Q

These branches of the arterial blood supply of the ureter divide into ascending and descending branches and form ______ on the ureter wall

A

longitudinal anastomoses

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68
Q

Waht is the venus drainage of the ureter

A

renal v

gonadal v

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69
Q

Blood vessels of the ureters are easily traumatized during surgery, damage to the small blood vessels may lead to _____

A

ischemia

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70
Q

histological shape of ureter

A

stellate shaped lumen

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71
Q

What is the epithelial lining of ureter

A

transitional epithelium or urothelium - —-single layer of small basal cells

  • intermediate layer of one to several layers of columnar cells
  • umbrella cells (polyhedral) - binucleated / multinucleated
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72
Q

umbrella (polyhedral) cells expresses _____ whcih protect the lining of the ureter from toxic effects of urine

A

uroplakin proteins

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73
Q

The kidney is innervated by

A
  • renal nerve plexus

- sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers from the abdominopelvic sphlanchnic nerves

74
Q

The ureter is innervated by

A

renal, aortic, superior and inferior hypogastric nerves

75
Q

_____ follow the sympathetic fibers to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11-L2

A

Visceral afferent pain fibers

76
Q

In the renal calculi, pain is referred to the ______

A

(loin of the groin)

ipsilateral lower quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall

77
Q

Afferent pain fibers follow sympathetic fibers to the ___

A

spinal ganglia and cord segments T11-L2

78
Q

Name the corresponding innervation to the following organs: kidney, abdominal part of the uterus and suprarenal gland

A

kidney - renal nerve plexus

abdominal part of the uterus - renal, abdominal aortic and superior hypogastric plexus

suprarenal gland - celiac plexus and greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves

79
Q

a. renal lymphatic vessels drain into ____
b. superior part of ureter drain into ____
c. middles part of ureter drain into ____
d. inferior part of ureter drain into ____
e. suprarenal LV from medulla drain into ____

A

a. R and L lumbar lymph nodes
b. lumbar nodes
c. common iliac nodes
d. common, external, internal iliac nodes
e. lumbar lymph nodes

80
Q

Extraperitoneal organ lying within the pelvis that is receptacle for urine storage

A

Urinary bladder

81
Q

Urinary bladder have strong muscular wall called

A

Detrusor ms

82
Q

State the shape of the urinary bladder and its location when it is empty and full

A

empty - tetrahedral; lies within the lesser pelvis

filled state - bladder is ovoid shapes; ascends abdominal cavity

83
Q

Central and superoposterio part taht expands freely, rises above pubic crest

84
Q

Apex is the anterosuperior portion of the bladder, connected to anterior abdominal wall by ____

A

median umbilical ligament (remnant of the primitive urachus)

85
Q

The posteroinferior portion of this part bladder that has two ureteric orifices

86
Q

The base of the bladder lies on t he pelvic floor forming what?

87
Q

TRIGONE is a triangular area fromed by a line drawn between twe ureteric orifices and apex formed by the ___

A

internal urethral meatus

88
Q

The neck of the bladder is continous with

89
Q

This is attached directly to the base of the bladder, anterior to the rectum

A

prostate gland - base

90
Q

The base of the urinary bladder among females rest directly on the ___ and is closely related to _____

A

pelvic floor inferior to the uterus

anterior vaginal wall

91
Q

Fibrous cord extending from apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Median Umbilical Ligament

92
Q

Median Umbilical Ligament is a remant of

93
Q

It stabilizes the bladder anteriorly

A

Lateral Umbilical Ligament and Medial Umbilical Ligament

94
Q

medial puboprostatic (males ) or medial pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

From the back of symphysis pubis to bladder neck and prostate (males)

95
Q

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

from pelvic fascia at area of levator ani to the neck of the bladder and prostate

96
Q

Stabilizes the bladder neck

A

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females)

97
Q

What are the branches of the internal ilian artery

A

superior vesical a. - superolateral/anterosuprior wall

inferior vesical a.

98
Q

the inferior vesical artery is replaces by what in the females

A

vaginal artery

99
Q

inferiot vesical artery is consist of

A

ureter, fundus and neck of bladder, prostate and urethre

100
Q

In the venous drainage of bladder, the pericesical plexus drains to ____ which drains to ____

A

inferior vesical v. ; internal iliac vein

101
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” is found in what vertebral level?

102
Q

Inhibit detrussor muscle contraction

A

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves”

103
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” increases _____ and stimulates _____

A

internal urethral sphincter tone
ejaculation

-sympathetic

104
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves and Inferior Hypogastric Nerves or “Emptying Nerves” is found at what vertebral level

A

S2-S4

  • parasympathetic
  • relaxes the internal urethra sphincter
  • contract the bladder
105
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the anterior/superolaterl wall

A

external iliac node

106
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the posterior/fundus and neck lymphatic vessels

A

internal iliac node

107
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the neck of bladder lymphatic vessels

A

sacral nodes and/or common iliac nodes

108
Q

What is the basic histological structure of the bladder

A
  • mucosa (urothelium) - lined by transitional epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae (detrusor ms)
    adventitia
109
Q

Urothelium is made of

a. Basal layer
b. Intermediate layer
c. Umbrella cells

A

– cuboidal cells
– polygonal; has ability to stretch
– protective layer

110
Q

Lamina propria is made of

A

connective tissue bed with capillaries, lymphatics and nerves

111
Q

Inner, middle and outer layers of smooth muscles (detrusor muscles) is made of

A

longitudinal ms layer

circular ms layer

112
Q

male urethra starts from ___ to ____

A
  • bladder neck
  • external meatus of glands penis

20cm in length

113
Q

The 3 parts of urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra - 3cm long - widest and most dilatable portion
  • membranous urethra - 2cm long - shortest and least dilatable
  • spongy or penile urethra - 15cm long
114
Q

Parts of the prostatic urethra

A
  • urethral crest
  • prostatic sinuses - where prostate glands opens
  • utricle
  • ejaculatory ducts
115
Q

This is where the urinary and reproductive system of males converge

A

prostatic urethra

116
Q

membranous urethra is surrounded by ____

A

urethral shpincter ms

117
Q

Prostatic urethra transverses through prostate gland and terminate at _____

A

superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm

118
Q

Female urethra has this type of glands that is homologous of prostate gland in males) and are found at sites of _____

A

paraurethral glands

external urethral meatus

female urethra -

  • 4cm long
  • exclusively a urinary organ
119
Q

What are the blood supply of the urethra for males and females

A

males

  • prostatic vesels - inferior vesical and middle rectal artery - in prostatic urethra
  • dorsal artery of penis - in membrabous and spongy urethra

females

  • internal pudendal a
  • vaginal artery
120
Q

What are the venous drainage of the urethra for the males and females

A

males - prostatic venous plexus

females- internal pudendal vein
vaginal vein

121
Q

What innervates the male’s urethra

?

A

prostatic nerve plexus - from hypogastric plexus

dorsal nerves of penis from pudendal nerve

122
Q

Waht innervates the female’s urethra?

A

vesical nerve plexus

pudendal nerve

123
Q

What are the histological parts of the male urethra

A
  • urethral mucosa - large longitudinal folds
  • prostatic urethra - lined by transitional epithelium
  • membranous urethra is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified epithelium
  • spongy urethra i slined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium distally
124
Q

What are the histological parts of the female urethra (lining)

A
  • Proximal part - lined by transitional epithelium
  • distal part - lined by stratified squamous, non-keratinizing
  • middle part - surrounded by external sphincter (striated ms)
125
Q

Fibrous cord extending from apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Median Umbilical Ligament

126
Q

Median Umbilical Ligament is a remant of

127
Q

It stabilizes the bladder anteriorly

A

Lateral Umbilical Ligament and Medial Umbilical Ligament

128
Q

medial puboprostatic (males ) or medial pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

From the back of symphysis pubis to bladder neck and prostate (males)

129
Q

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

from pelvic fascia at area of levator ani to the neck of the bladder and prostate

130
Q

Stabilizes the bladder neck

A

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females)

131
Q

What are the branches of the internal ilian artery

A

superior vesical a. - superolateral/anterosuprior wall

inferior vesical a.

132
Q

the inferior vesical artery is replaces by what in the females

A

vaginal artery

133
Q

inferiot vesical artery is consist of

A

ureter, fundus and neck of bladder, prostate and urethre

134
Q

In the venous drainage of bladder, the pericesical plexus drains to ____ which drains to ____

A

inferior vesical v. ; internal iliac vein

135
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” is found in what vertebral level?

136
Q

Inhibit detrussor muscle contraction

A

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves”

137
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” increases _____ and stimulates _____

A

internal urethral sphincter tone
ejaculation

-sympathetic

138
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves and Inferior Hypogastric Nerves or “Emptying Nerves” is found at what vertebral level

A

S2-S4

  • parasympathetic
  • relaxes the internal urethra sphincter
  • contract the bladder
139
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the anterior/superolaterl wall

A

external iliac node

140
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the posterior/fundus and neck lymphatic vessels

A

internal iliac node

141
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the neck of bladder lymphatic vessels

A

sacral nodes and/or common iliac nodes

142
Q

Fibrous cord extending from apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Median Umbilical Ligament

143
Q

Median Umbilical Ligament is a remant of

144
Q

It stabilizes the bladder anteriorly

A

Lateral Umbilical Ligament and Medial Umbilical Ligament

145
Q

medial puboprostatic (males ) or medial pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

From the back of symphysis pubis to bladder neck and prostate (males)

146
Q

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females) is from the ___ to ___

A

from pelvic fascia at area of levator ani to the neck of the bladder and prostate

147
Q

Stabilizes the bladder neck

A

lateral puboprostatic (males ) or lateral pubovesical ligament (females)

148
Q

What are the branches of the internal ilian artery

A

superior vesical a. - superolateral/anterosuprior wall

inferior vesical a.

149
Q

the inferior vesical artery is replaces by what in the females

A

vaginal artery

150
Q

inferiot vesical artery is consist of

A

ureter, fundus and neck of bladder, prostate and urethre

151
Q

In the venous drainage of bladder, the pericesical plexus drains to ____ which drains to ____

A

inferior vesical v. ; internal iliac vein

152
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” is found in what vertebral level?

153
Q

Inhibit detrussor muscle contraction

A

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves”

154
Q

Hypogastric Plexus or “Filling Nerves” increases _____ and stimulates _____

A

internal urethral sphincter tone
ejaculation

-sympathetic

155
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves and Inferior Hypogastric Nerves or “Emptying Nerves” is found at what vertebral level

A

S2-S4

  • parasympathetic
  • relaxes the internal urethra sphincter
  • contract the bladder
156
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the anterior/superolaterl wall

A

external iliac node

157
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the posterior/fundus and neck lymphatic vessels

A

internal iliac node

158
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder found in the neck of bladder lymphatic vessels

A

sacral nodes and/or common iliac nodes

159
Q

Urothelium is made of

a. Basal layer
b. Intermediate layer
c. Umbrella cells

A

– cuboidal cells
– polygonal; has ability to stretch
– protective layer

160
Q

Lamina propria is made of

A

connective tissue bed with capillaries, lymphatics and nerves

161
Q

Inner, middle and outer layers of smooth muscles (detrusor muscles) is made of

A

longitudinal ms layer

circular ms layer

162
Q

male urethra starts from ___ to ____

A
  • bladder neck
  • external meatus of glands penis

20cm in length

163
Q

The 3 parts of urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra - 3cm long - widest and most dilatable portion
  • membranous urethra - 2cm long - shortest and least dilatable
  • spongy or penile urethra - 15cm long
164
Q

Parts of the prostatic urethra

A
  • urethral crest
  • prostatic sinuses - where prostate glands opens
  • utricle
  • ejaculatory ducts
165
Q

This is where the urinary and reproductive system of males converge

A

prostatic urethra

166
Q

membranous urethra is surrounded by ____

A

urethral shpincter ms

167
Q

Prostatic urethra transverses through prostate gland and terminate at _____

A

superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm

168
Q

Female urethra has this type of glands that is homologous of prostate gland in males) and are found at sites of _____

A

paraurethral glands

external urethral meatus

female urethra -

  • 4cm long
  • exclusively a urinary organ
169
Q

What are the blood supply of the urethra for males and females

A

males

  • prostatic vesels - inferior vesical and middle rectal artery - in prostatic urethra
  • dorsal artery of penis - in membrabous and spongy urethra

females

  • internal pudendal a
  • vaginal artery
170
Q

What are the venous drainage of the urethra for the males and females

A

males - prostatic venous plexus

females- internal pudendal vein
vaginal vein

171
Q

What innervates the male’s urethra

?

A

prostatic nerve plexus - from hypogastric plexus

dorsal nerves of penis from pudendal nerve

172
Q

Waht innervates the female’s urethra?

A

vesical nerve plexus

pudendal nerve

173
Q

What are the histological parts of the male urethra

A
  • urethral mucosa - large longitudinal folds
  • prostatic urethra - lined by transitional epithelium
  • membranous urethra is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified epithelium
  • spongy urethra i slined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium distally
174
Q

What are the histological parts of the female urethra (lining)

A
  • Proximal part - lined by transitional epithelium
  • distal part - lined by stratified squamous, non-keratinizing
  • middle part - surrounded by external sphincter (striated ms)
175
Q

Embryology, What are the 3 overlapping kidney systems

A

Pronephros - rudimentary and non-functional
mesonephros - functions for short time
metanephros - definitive kidneys - develops its own nephrons

176
Q

Pronephros is an excretory organ which appears first beginning at what week of intrauterine life

177
Q

This regress in females, and serves as a conduit for the semen coming from the testes to the urethra for males

A

Wolffian/ mesonephric duct

178
Q

metanephros appears in what week ?

179
Q

Metanephros collecting system originates from the ____ which delvelops from _____

A

ureteric bud

mesonephric duct

180
Q

Embryology, structures that originates from the ureteric bud

A

ureter
renal pelvis
calyces
collecting tubules

Anatomy 4LE HM (4 decks)

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