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Anatomy 4LE HM > Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Supplies the gall bladder and cystic duct

A

Cystic artery

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2
Q

Cystic artery Arises from the Right Hepatic Artery in the

A

Cystic Triangle of Calot

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3
Q

Drains directly into portal vein or may also directly drain to the liver

A

Cystic veins

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4
Q

Connects the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct

A

cystic duct

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5
Q
  • cystic duct : proximal part

- cystic duct : distal part

A 
Spiral valve (of Heister)/ spiral fold
Smooth part (Pars Glabra)
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6
Q

Contains mucosal duplications within the initial portion of cystic duct that regulated gallbladder filling and emptying; offers additional resistance to sudden bile dumping

A

Spiral valve (of Heister)/ spiral fold

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7
Q

cystic duct drainage is through the ________ -> __________ -> _____________

A

cystic lymph nodes (located in neck area)  hepatic lymph nodes  celiac lymph nodes

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8
Q
  • Shape of gallbladder
  • capacity of gallbladder
  • gallbladder attached to
  • functions to
A
  • pear shape
  • 30-50mL
  • inferior surface of liver
  • store and concentrate bile
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9
Q

Gallbladder is anteriorly to the _____ and the _____

A
  • inferior/visceral surfaces of the liver

- anterior abdominal wall below subcostal margin

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10
Q

are either circumscribed tenderness in the gallbladder region or colicky pain (pain due to gas in stomach and unable to pin point)

A

Biliary tracts pains

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11
Q

cuboidal to columnar in shape

A

Mucous cells

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12
Q

usually pyramidal in shape, with a broad base

A

Serous cells

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13
Q

Where secretory end pieces empty into

A

Intercalated ducts

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14
Q

Intercalated ducts, Lined by

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells, with

presence of striations

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15
Q

Characterized by radial striations that extend to form the bases of the cells to the level of the central nuclei

A

Striated ducts

initially lined with pseudostratified or stratified cuboidal epithelium, distally lined with stratified columnar epithelium

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16
Q

present in basal lamina of glands or ducts which function to propel secretions upon contraction

A

Myoepithelial cells

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17
Q

Secrete only 10% of the total volume of saliva, but account for approximately 70% of the mucous secreted

A

Minor salivary glands

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18
Q

Secrete in response to parasympathetic activity induced by physical, chemical, and psychological stimuli

A

Major salivary glands

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19
Q

Largest of the salivary glands

A

Parotid Glands - Wedge-shaped

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20
Q

emerges from the anterior border of the gland, runs toward the lateral surface of the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle, opens opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth, into the parotid papilla of the oral cavity

A

Stensen’s/Parotid duct

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21
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands secretes

A

lyzozyme

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22
Q

Parotid Gland Arterial supply

A

External carotid artery (ECA) and its superficial terminal branches (Superficial temporal and maxillary aa.)

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23
Q

Parotid Gland Venous drainage

A

Retromandibular v.

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24
Q

Parotid Gland Lymphatic drainage

A

Parotid and Deep cervical nodes

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25
Q

Parotid Gland Nerve supply

A

Parasympathetic: Secretomotor supply from the glossopharyngeal nerve (via the tympanic branch, the Lesser Petrosal nerve, the Otic ganglion, and the Auriculotemporal nerve)

Sympathetic: Plexus around ECA

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26
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Arterial Supply and Venous drainage

A

Facial & Lingual (artery & vein)

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27
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Lymphatic drainage

A

Retromandibular and Deep cervical nodes

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28
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Nerve supply

A

o Parasympathetic: secretomotor supply is from the
facial nerve via the chorda tympani & the
submandibular ganglion (Superior Salivary nucleus of
CN VII)
o Sympathetic: Plexus around facial and lingual a.

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29
Q

Seen on the floor of mouth, beneath mucus membrane,

close to the midline

A

Sublingual glands - smallest

  • Secretes 5% of the total saliva
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30
Q

Largest mass of glandular tissue in the body

A

LIVER

FUNCTIONS
 Production and secretion of bile
 Involved in many metabolic activities related to carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
 Filtration of blood – removes bacteria and other foreign particles
 Synthesizes heparin and other important proteins
 Produces bile pigments from hemoglobin of worn-out RBC’s

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31
Q

SURFACES OF THE LIVER

A
  1. Diaphragmatic
  2. Anterior aspect
  3. Posterior aspect
  4. Visceral or posteroinferior surface
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32
Q

Liver Visceral Surface, From the left to right:

A 
fundus of the stomach
abdominal esophagus
gallbladder duodenum
right kidney with right suprarenal gland
right colic (hepatic) flexure
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33
Q

Right liver’s impressions?

A

Renal Impression
- right kidney

Colic/Hepatic Impression

  • right colic/ hepatic flexure
  • below kidney

Suprarenal impression

  • suprarenal gland
  • above the kidney
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34
Q

Left liver’s impressions?

A 
o Esophageal impression
- esophagus
- upper portion
o Gastric impression
- fundus of the stomach
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35
Q

Liver’s H-shaped pattern that made up by the IVC (above) and the gallbladder (below)

A

Right Limb

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36
Q

In the H-shaped pattern of the liver, the left limb is made up superiorly by ___ and inferiorly by_____

A
  • ligamentum venosum (Remnant of ductus arteriosus)

- fissure of ligamentum teres hepatis (Remnant of the left umbilical vein)

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37
Q

The transverse limb is occupied by the ____

A

porta hepatis

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38
Q

The transverse fissure of the liver

A

Transverse limb

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39
Q

The transverse limb contains the _____

A

portal triad

  • Bile duct (right)
  • Proper hepatic artery (left)
  • Hepatic portal vein (posterior; biggest structure)
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40
Q

Important clinically because it is the only portion of the liver that can be accessed during physical examination

A

Inferior Margin of the Liver

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41
Q

In infants and about 3 years of age, the inferior margin of the liver can be palpated around ____

A

2 finger breadths below the right costal margin.

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42
Q

In adults, he inferior margin of the liver can be palpated ____

A

1 finger breadth below the right costal margin.

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43
Q

Normally the Inferior Margin of the Liver is ____
If the blunted, ___
If hard, _____
If it has nodules, _____

A
  • smooth, sharp and pliable.
  • may have congestion of the heart (CHF) or liver
  • may have carcinoma.
  • may be cirrhosis
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44
Q

Attaches to the undersurface of the liver

A

Lesser Omentum

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45
Q

thick portion of the lesser omentum that attaches to the margins of the porta hepatis.

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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46
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of lesser omentum to be dissected to see the ____

A

portal triad

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47
Q

thin portion of the lesser omentum that attaches around the fissure of ligamentum venosum

A

Hepatogastric ligament

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48
Q

Space between the anterior surface of the liver and the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall

A

Subphrenic recess

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49
Q

Space ro portion that extends upwards between the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney

A

Subhepatic space - Hepatorenal recess / Morison’s pouch

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50
Q

Subhepatic space is immediately below the ____

A

inferior surface of the liver

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51
Q

Formed by the anterior and posterior layers of the coronary ligament which are wide apart

A

Bare area

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52
Q

portions of the liver that are devoid of peritoneum

A
  • bare area
  • Portion where the IVC lies
  • Gallbladder bed
  • Porta hepatis
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53
Q

attaches the anterior and superior portions of the liver to the anterior and superior surfaces of the abdominal wall, respectively

A

Falciform ligament

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54
Q

attaches the liver to diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

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55
Q

double-layered fold of peritoneum that extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm

A

Falciform ligament

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56
Q

Part of Coronary ligament formed when the anterior and posterior layers meet on the right side

A

Right triangular ligament

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57
Q

Left triangular ligament merges with the left tip of the liver called the

A

appendix fibrosa hepatis

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58
Q

Part of Coronary ligament formed when the anterior and posterior layers meet on the left side

A

Left triangular ligament

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59
Q

Hepatic Segments

A

I - Posterior/Caudate V - Right anterior medial
II - Left posterior lateral VI - Right anterior lateral
III - Left anterior lateral VII - Right posterior lateral
IV - Left medial VIII - Right posterior medial

P L- PAM RAM/L RPL/M

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60
Q

What consist the portal trial?

A

POrtal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

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61
Q

Caudate does not really occupy a caudal position but it is thus named because it has a tail called the ___

A

papillary process

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62
Q

caudate process extends to the right and the rest of the right lobe of the liver and is located between _____

A

the IVC and the gallbladder

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63
Q

liver is divided by a major lobar fissure demarcated by the____

A

inferior vena cava and the gallbladder

Functional Part of Liver
o Functional right lobe
o Functional left lobe

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64
Q

areas demarcated by the (right and left) branches of the portal triad

A

Transverse hepatic plane (T)

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65
Q

divides the left lobe into left medial and left lateral lobe

A

Umbilical Fissure

delineated by the left hepatic vein

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66
Q

divides the right lobe into right medial and right lateral lobe

A

Right portal fissure (R)

delineated by the right hepatic vein

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67
Q

Main portal fissure (M)

A

delineated by the middle hepatic vein

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68
Q

Thin CT capsule in stroma

A

Glisson’s Capsule

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69
Q

In between sinusoids and hepatocyte, where exchange of nutrients and waste products occur

A

Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse)

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70
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system

degrade worn out rbc for the reuse of heme

A

Kupffer’s cells

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71
Q

INTRAHEPATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD SUPPLY

A

o Hepatic artery

o Portal vein

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72
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

 Supply 20% of blood flow
 Branch of celiac plexus
 O2 rich
 Ramifies parallel with portal vein branches (run side by side)

73
Q

Sends inlet arteriole to sinusoids to allow mixing of venous and arterial in sinusoids

A

Interlobular artery - Branch of hepatic artery

74
Q

Supply 80% of blood flow to liver

A

portal vein

75
Q

Splenic vein receives many tributaries:

A

o Short gastric v – drains fundus of stomach
o Left gastro-epiploic vein – upper/left portion of greater curvature of stomach
o Pancreatic branches
o Inferior mesenteric vein

76
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein ascends on posterior abdominal wall and receives:

A

o Superior rectal veins
o Sigmoid veins
o Left colic vein

77
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein then goes up to join the splenic vein behind the

A

body of the pancreas

78
Q

drains the left/upper portion of lesser curvature of stomach, communicates with the esophageal plexus (drains the esophagus)

A

Left gastric vein

79
Q

drains the right/lower portion of lesser curvature of stomach

A

Right gastric vein

80
Q

Liver Acinus shape

A

diamond or rhomboai shape

81
Q

Smallest functional unit of hepatic parenchyma

A

Liver Acinus

82
Q

Disc shaped and lies in the concavity of the duodenum

A

head of pancreas

83
Q

head of pancreas rests posteriorly on the

A

IVC, right renal artery and vein, and left renal vein

84
Q

Origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta

A

neck of pancreas

Important in being a landmark for the origin of vessels

85
Q

Lies in front of the beginning of the portal vein behind the neck (splenic and mesenteric vein unite)

A

neck of pancreas

86
Q

Lies to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels, passing over the aorta and the l2 vertebra

A

body of pancreas

87
Q

Part of the pancreas that is Anterior to the left kidney and passes forward in the splenicorenal ligament

A

Tail

88
Q

Drains the upper portion of the head of the Pancreas and opens into the duodenum about 2 cm above the main duct on the minor duodenal papilla

A

Accessory Pancreatic Duct (of Santorini)

89
Q

Functions to contract the Ampulla of Vater to prevent the throw of bile during the basal state

A

Sphincter of Oddi

90
Q

Arterial blood supply of the pancreas is dervide from the

A

Splenic artery

91
Q

Pancreas is Drained via these pancreatic veins

A

o splenic vein o superior mesenteric vein

92
Q

Lymphatic drainage, the pancreas drains into

A

celiac group of nodes and the superior mesenteric group of nodes

93
Q

Sympathetic nerve supply of pancreas

A

greater sympathetic (T5-T9) to lesser splanchnic (T10-T11)

Parasympathetic o Vagus nerve

94
Q

Polygonal clusters of cells arranged in short irregular
cords and profusely invested with fenestrated
capillaries because of endocrine function

A

Islets of Langerhans

Constitute about 1-2% of pancreatic volume

Most numerous in tail of pancreas

95
Q

cuboidal to columnar in shape

A

Mucous cells

96
Q

usually pyramidal in shape, with a broad base

A

Serous cells

97
Q

Where secretory end pieces empty into

A

Intercalated ducts

98
Q

Intercalated ducts, Lined by

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells, with

presence of striations

99
Q

Characterized by radial striations that extend to form the bases of the cells to the level of the central nuclei

A

Striated ducts

initially lined with pseudostratified or stratified cuboidal epithelium, distally lined with stratified columnar epithelium

100
Q

present in basal lamina of glands or ducts which function to propel secretions upon contraction

A

Myoepithelial cells

101
Q

Secrete only 10% of the total volume of saliva, but account for approximately 70% of the mucous secreted

A

Minor salivary glands

102
Q

Secrete in response to parasympathetic activity induced by physical, chemical, and psychological stimuli

A

Major salivary glands

103
Q

Largest of the salivary glands

A

Parotid Glands - Wedge-shaped

104
Q

emerges from the anterior border of the gland, runs toward the lateral surface of the masseter muscle, pierces the buccinator muscle, opens opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth, into the parotid papilla of the oral cavity

A

Stensen’s/Parotid duct

105
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands secretes

A

lyzozyme

106
Q

Parotid Gland Arterial supply

A

External carotid artery (ECA) and its superficial terminal branches (Superficial temporal and maxillary aa.)

107
Q

Parotid Gland Venous drainage

A

Retromandibular v.

108
Q

Parotid Gland Lymphatic drainage

A

Parotid and Deep cervical nodes

109
Q

Parotid Gland Nerve supply

A

Parasympathetic: Secretomotor supply from the glossopharyngeal nerve (via the tympanic branch, the Lesser Petrosal nerve, the Otic ganglion, and the Auriculotemporal nerve)

Sympathetic: Plexus around ECA

110
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Arterial Supply and Venous drainage

A

Facial & Lingual (artery & vein)

111
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Lymphatic drainage

A

Retromandibular and Deep cervical nodes

112
Q

Submandibular/Submaxillary glands Nerve supply

A

o Parasympathetic: secretomotor supply is from the
facial nerve via the chorda tympani & the
submandibular ganglion (Superior Salivary nucleus of
CN VII)
o Sympathetic: Plexus around facial and lingual a.

113
Q

Seen on the floor of mouth, beneath mucus membrane,

close to the midline

A

Sublingual glands - smallest

  • Secretes 5% of the total saliva
114
Q

Largest mass of glandular tissue in the body

A

LIVER

FUNCTIONS
 Production and secretion of bile
 Involved in many metabolic activities related to carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
 Filtration of blood – removes bacteria and other foreign particles
 Synthesizes heparin and other important proteins
 Produces bile pigments from hemoglobin of worn-out RBC’s

115
Q

SURFACES OF THE LIVER

A
  1. Diaphragmatic
  2. Anterior aspect
  3. Posterior aspect
  4. Visceral or posteroinferior surface
116
Q

Liver Visceral Surface, From the left to right:

A 
fundus of the stomach
abdominal esophagus
gallbladder duodenum
right kidney with right suprarenal gland
right colic (hepatic) flexure
117
Q

Right liver’s impressions?

A

Renal Impression
- right kidney

Colic/Hepatic Impression

  • right colic/ hepatic flexure
  • below kidney

Suprarenal impression

  • suprarenal gland
  • above the kidney
118
Q

Left liver’s impressions?

A 
o Esophageal impression
- esophagus
- upper portion
o Gastric impression
- fundus of the stomach
119
Q

Liver’s H-shaped pattern that made up by the IVC (above) and the gallbladder (below)

A

Right Limb

120
Q

In the H-shaped pattern of the liver, the left limb is made up superiorly by ___ and inferiorly by_____

A
  • ligamentum venosum (Remnant of ductus arteriosus)

- fissure of ligamentum teres hepatis (Remnant of the left umbilical vein)

121
Q

The transverse limb is occupied by the ____

A

porta hepatis

122
Q

The transverse fissure of the liver

A

Transverse limb

123
Q

The transverse limb contains the _____

A

portal triad

  • Bile duct (right)
  • Proper hepatic artery (left)
  • Hepatic portal vein (posterior; biggest structure)
124
Q

Important clinically because it is the only portion of the liver that can be accessed during physical examination

A

Inferior Margin of the Liver

125
Q

In infants and about 3 years of age, the inferior margin of the liver can be palpated around ____

A

2 finger breadths below the right costal margin.

126
Q

In adults, he inferior margin of the liver can be palpated ____

A

1 finger breadth below the right costal margin.

127
Q

Normally the Inferior Margin of the Liver is ____
If the blunted, ___
If hard, _____
If it has nodules, _____

A
  • smooth, sharp and pliable.
  • may have congestion of the heart (CHF) or liver
  • may have carcinoma.
  • may be cirrhosis
128
Q

Attaches to the undersurface of the liver

A

Lesser Omentum

129
Q

thick portion of the lesser omentum that attaches to the margins of the porta hepatis.

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

130
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of lesser omentum to be dissected to see the ____

A

portal triad

131
Q

thin portion of the lesser omentum that attaches around the fissure of ligamentum venosum

A

Hepatogastric ligament

132
Q

Space between the anterior surface of the liver and the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall

A

Subphrenic recess

133
Q

Space ro portion that extends upwards between the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney

A

Subhepatic space - Hepatorenal recess / Morison’s pouch

134
Q

Subhepatic space is immediately below the ____

A

inferior surface of the liver

135
Q

Formed by the anterior and posterior layers of the coronary ligament which are wide apart

A

Bare area

136
Q

portions of the liver that are devoid of peritoneum

A
  • bare area
  • Portion where the IVC lies
  • Gallbladder bed
  • Porta hepatis
137
Q

attaches the anterior and superior portions of the liver to the anterior and superior surfaces of the abdominal wall, respectively

A

Falciform ligament

138
Q

attaches the liver to diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

139
Q

double-layered fold of peritoneum that extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm

A

Falciform ligament

140
Q

Part of Coronary ligament formed when the anterior and posterior layers meet on the right side

A

Right triangular ligament

141
Q

Left triangular ligament merges with the left tip of the liver called the

A

appendix fibrosa hepatis

142
Q

Part of Coronary ligament formed when the anterior and posterior layers meet on the left side

A

Left triangular ligament

143
Q

Hepatic Segments

A

I - Posterior/Caudate V - Right anterior medial
II - Left posterior lateral VI - Right anterior lateral
III - Left anterior lateral VII - Right posterior lateral
IV - Left medial VIII - Right posterior medial

P L- PAM RAM/L RPL/M

144
Q

What consist the portal trial?

A

POrtal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

145
Q

Caudate does not really occupy a caudal position but it is thus named because it has a tail called the ___

A

papillary process

146
Q

caudate process extends to the right and the rest of the right lobe of the liver and is located between _____

A

the IVC and the gallbladder

147
Q

liver is divided by a major lobar fissure demarcated by the____

A

inferior vena cava and the gallbladder

Functional Part of Liver
o Functional right lobe
o Functional left lobe

148
Q

areas demarcated by the (right and left) branches of the portal triad

A

Transverse hepatic plane (T)

149
Q

divides the left lobe into left medial and left lateral lobe

A

Umbilical Fissure

delineated by the left hepatic vein

150
Q

divides the right lobe into right medial and right lateral lobe

A

Right portal fissure (R)

delineated by the right hepatic vein

151
Q

Main portal fissure (M)

A

delineated by the middle hepatic vein

152
Q

Thin CT capsule in stroma

A

Glisson’s Capsule

153
Q

In between sinusoids and hepatocyte, where exchange of nutrients and waste products occur

A

Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse)

154
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system

degrade worn out rbc for the reuse of heme

A

Kupffer’s cells

155
Q

INTRAHEPATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD SUPPLY

A

o Hepatic artery

o Portal vein

156
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

 Supply 20% of blood flow
 Branch of celiac plexus
 O2 rich
 Ramifies parallel with portal vein branches (run side by side)

157
Q

Sends inlet arteriole to sinusoids to allow mixing of venous and arterial in sinusoids

A

Interlobular artery - Branch of hepatic artery

158
Q

Supply 80% of blood flow to liver

A

portal vein

159
Q

Splenic vein receives many tributaries:

A

o Short gastric v – drains fundus of stomach
o Left gastro-epiploic vein – upper/left portion of greater curvature of stomach
o Pancreatic branches
o Inferior mesenteric vein

160
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein ascends on posterior abdominal wall and receives:

A

o Superior rectal veins
o Sigmoid veins
o Left colic vein

161
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein then goes up to join the splenic vein behind the

A

body of the pancreas

162
Q

drains the left/upper portion of lesser curvature of stomach, communicates with the esophageal plexus (drains the esophagus)

A

Left gastric vein

163
Q

drains the right/lower portion of lesser curvature of stomach

A

Right gastric vein

164
Q

Liver Acinus shape

A

diamond or rhomboai shape

165
Q

Smallest functional unit of hepatic parenchyma

A

Liver Acinus

166
Q

Disc shaped and lies in the concavity of the duodenum

A

head of pancreas

167
Q

head of pancreas rests posteriorly on the

A

IVC, right renal artery and vein, and left renal vein

168
Q

Origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta

A

neck of pancreas

Important in being a landmark for the origin of vessels

169
Q

Lies in front of the beginning of the portal vein behind the neck (splenic and mesenteric vein unite)

A

neck of pancreas

170
Q

Lies to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels, passing over the aorta and the l2 vertebra

A

body of pancreas

171
Q

Part of the pancreas that is Anterior to the left kidney and passes forward in the splenicorenal ligament

A

Tail

172
Q

Drains the upper portion of the head of the Pancreas and opens into the duodenum about 2 cm above the main duct on the minor duodenal papilla

A

Accessory Pancreatic Duct (of Santorini)

173
Q

Functions to contract the Ampulla of Vater to prevent the throw of bile during the basal state

A

Sphincter of Oddi

174
Q

Arterial blood supply of the pancreas is dervide from the

A

Splenic artery

175
Q

Pancreas is Drained via these pancreatic veins

A

o splenic vein o superior mesenteric vein

176
Q

Lymphatic drainage, the pancreas drains into

A

celiac group of nodes and the superior mesenteric group of nodes

177
Q

Sympathetic nerve supply of pancreas

A

greater sympathetic (T5-T9) to lesser splanchnic (T10-T11)

Parasympathetic o Vagus nerve

178
Q

Polygonal clusters of cells arranged in short irregular
cords and profusely invested with fenestrated
capillaries because of endocrine function

A

Islets of Langerhans

Constitute about 1-2% of pancreatic volume

Most numerous in tail of pancreas

Anatomy 4LE HM (4 decks)

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