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Anatomy 4LE HM > Embryology of GIT > Flashcards

Embryology of GIT Flashcards

1
Q

cavity becomes incorporated into the embryo to become the primitive gut.

A

Cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo

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2
Q

foregut develops on the cephalic end, and the hindgut caudally.

A

Closing of caudal and cephalic ends.

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3
Q

Midgut now communicates with the yolk sac through the

A

vitelline duct.

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4
Q

Results from the cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo.

A

primitive gut

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5
Q

Embryo, foregut caudal to

A

pharyngeal tube

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6
Q

embryo, midgut caudal to _____ and at the junction of the ____ .

A
  • liver bud

- right two thirds and left third of the transverse colon

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7
Q

Part of tge primitive gut that is temporarily connected to the yolk sac

A

midgut

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8
Q

embryo of git, hindgut is from the ___ to ___

A

left third of the transverse colon to the cloacal membrane

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9
Q

is also part of the primitive gut BUT is important for the development of head and neck

A

The pharyngeal gut/ Pharynx is also part of the primitive gut BUT is important for the development of head and neck

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10
Q

Layer that gives rise to what?

A

Endoderm – epithelial linings of GIT, parenchyma of pancreas and liver

Mesoderm(Splanchnic) – muscles, connective tissues, and peritoneal coverings of GIT

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11
Q

Double layer of peritoneum that encloses an organ and connects it to the body wall

A

mesenteries

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12
Q

Iliac artery from the aorta forming branches that will supply

A

foregut

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13
Q

Functions as pathway for:

A
  • Iliac artery from the aorta forming branches that will supply foregut
  • Superior mesenteric artery – supplies midgut
  • Inferior mesenteric artery – supplies hindgut
  • Vitelline artery – forms the terminal portion of the superior iliac artery
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14
Q

Structures that suspend portions of the gut tube and its derivatives from the dorsal and ventral body wall.

A

mesenteries

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15
Q

Organs enclosed by mesenteries are classified as:

A

a) Intraperitoneal - Freely suspended by mesenteries.
- E.g.: stomach, liver, gall bladder
b) Retroperitoneal
- E.g.: kidneys, pancreas
c) Peritoneal ligament

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16
Q
  • Organs that are enclosed by mesenteries and are connected to the body wall.
A

Intraperitoneal

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17
Q
  • Organs that lie against the posterior body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on its anterior surface.
A

Retroperitoneal

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18
Q

Provides pathways for vessels, nerves and lymphatics to and from abdominal canal.

A

Peritoneal ligament

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19
Q

___ extends the distal portion of the esophagus up to almost all parts of the hindgut/region of cloaca

A

Dorsal Mesentery - 5th week

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20
Q

___ attaches the distal portion of the esophagus up to the upper or proximal part of the duodenum.

A

Ventral Mesentery - 5th week

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21
Q
  • Mesenteries that pass from one organ to another or from an organ to the abdominal wall.
A

Peritoneal ligament

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22
Q

At 5th week caudal part of primitive gut is suspended from abdominal wall by __

A

dorsal mesentery.

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23
Q

embryology, Dorsal mesentery becomes

A 
Greater omentum(dorsal mesogastrium) – attaches to the stomach.
Mesoduodenum – attaches to the duodenum (it contains the pancreatic duct)
Dorsal Mesocolon – attaches to the Large intestine
Mesentery proper – extends the jejunoileal loops to the midgut
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24
Q

Ventral Mesentery is derived from the ___

A

SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM

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25
Q

is derivative of primitive diaphragm, extension at the thick mesodermal bridge and it is situated b/w the thoracic cavity and vitelline duct

A

Septum transversum

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26
Q

Septum transversum thinned out and became membranous when the liver expanded during the development and its distal part becomes the

A

Visceral Peritoneal hepatic covering
o Lesser Omentum – attaches the liver to lower esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum
o Falciform Ligament – attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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27
Q

Lengthening of esophagus happens on what week?

A

5th week

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28
Q

At the 5th week, the esophagus is initially short but lengthens rapidly with the descent of the heart and lungs. Upper 2/3 = ____ and lower 1/3 = ____

A

vagus n

splanchnic n

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29
Q

____ prevents the normal passage of amniotic fluid into the intestinal tract results in _____

A
  • Esophageal atresia / tracheoesophageal fistula

- polyhydramnios

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30
Q

polyhydramnios accumulation of excess fluid in the ____

A

amniotic sac

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31
Q

Esophageal atresia / tracheoesophageal fistula results either from:

A
  • spontaneous posterior deviation of the tracheoesophageal septum
  • or from some mechanical factor pushing the dorsal wall of the foregut anteriorly
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32
Q

Esophageal atresia / tracheoesophageal fistula most common form:

A
  • proximal part of esophagus ends as a blind sac

- distal part is connected to the trachea by a narrow canal just above the bifurcation.

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33
Q

___ usually in the lower third of the esophagus

A

Esophageal Stenosis

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34
Q

Esophageal Stenosis may be caused by:

A

incomplete recanalization
vascular abnormalities
accidents that compromise blood flow.

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35
Q

Occasionally, esophagus fails to lengthen sufficiently, stomach is pulled up in the esophageal hiatus through diaphragm =

A

congenital hiatal hernia

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36
Q

4th week: stomach appears as a ____ of the foregut

A

fusiform dilation

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37
Q

During the following weeks (after 4th week), the stomach’s appearance and position change greatly as it rotates around a ___

A

longitudinal and an anteroposterior axis.

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38
Q

The right side of the unrotated stomach will become the ____ and the left side will form the___ after rotation

A
  • posterior side of the stomach

- anterior side of the stomach

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39
Q

The vagus nerves will also rotate along with the stomach, that’s why the left vagus nerve innervates the stomach____, and the right vagus nerve ____

A
  • anteriorly

- posteriorly

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40
Q

The stomach will rotate 90˚ to the ____

A

right

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41
Q

The faster growth of the former posterior part

(the left side of the stomach now) forms the _____

A

greater curvature of the stomach

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42
Q

The former anterior part of the stomach grows slower which results to the rotation of the stomach in an____

A

antero-posterior axis

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43
Q

The ____ part shifts upward and to the right while the ____ part shifts downward and to the left

A
  • pyloric

- cardiac

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44
Q

There will also be a shift in the orientation of the _____ as the stomach rotates in the longitudinal axis.

A

dorsal and ventral mesogastrium

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45
Q

the cavity that is left behind as the dorsal mesogastrium moves to the left during rotation

A

Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

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46
Q

The ventral mesogastrium then moves to the right due to the growth of the ____

A

liver

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47
Q

As the stomach rotates longitudinally, the dorsal mesogastrium will lengthen and move to the left. A part of the mesogastrium will touch and adhere to the peritoneum lying in the posterior abdominal wall to form the so called ____

A

line of fusion.

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48
Q

The line of fusion will degenerate as the fusion between the part of the ___ becomes complete

A

mesogastrium and peritoneum

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49
Q

Organs that will be enclosed by this folding (fusion of mesogastrium and peritoneum) will become ____.

A

retroperitoneal

such as the kidney, pancreas, part of the duodenum

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50
Q

organs in the abdominal cavity that is not covered completely by peritoneum.

A

Retroperitoneal organs

These organs are covered by peritoneum only on its anterior surface.

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51
Q

Retroperitoneal organs that initially develops in an intraperitoneal manner.

A

Secondary Retroperitoneal Organs

E.g. Pancreas

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52
Q

During the 5th week of development, the spleen arises as a ___ proliferation in between the leaves of the ___.

A
  • mesodermal
  • dorsal mesogastrium

The spleen will retain its intraperitoneal position

53
Q

During the 5th week of development, The spleen is suspended by two ligaments:

A

Lienorenal ligament – connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall near the left kidney.
 Gastrolienal ligament – connects the spleen to the stomach.

54
Q

connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall near the left kidney

A

Lienorenal ligament

55
Q

connects the spleen to the stomach

A

Gastrolienal ligament

56
Q

Formed when the stomach rotates in an antero-posterior axis. The dorsal mesogastrium that is attached to the greater curvature will grow and bulge downward.

A

GREATER OMENTUM

57
Q

As it grows in length, it will cover the transverse colon and the small intestinal loops. It take on an apron-like form as it drapes over the intestinal segments

A

GREATER OMENTUM

58
Q

GREATER OMENTUM Initially composed of 2 sacs of mesentery, but will eventually form a single sheath that hangs over the transverse colon and intestinal loops as it fuses with the ___

A

transverse mesocolon

59
Q

extends from the distal portion of the esophagus to the upper part of the duodenum, and also attaches to the liver

A

LESSER OMENTUM

60
Q

the free margin of the lesser omentum that attaches the duodenum with the liver

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

61
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal triad which is compose of :

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

62
Q

opening that connects the lesser peritoneal sac (sac behind the stomach) to the greater peritoneal sac

A

Omental foramen (or epiploic foramen of Winslow) –

63
Q

Duodenum and Liver Bud are supplied by _

A

celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.

64
Q

remnant of the left umbilical vein that is contained within the free margin of the falciform ligament

A

Ligamentum Teres Hepatis

65
Q

____ is the junction between the foregut and the midgut receives blood from both the _____

A
  • duodenum

- celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery

66
Q

Formed partly by the foregut and the midgut

A

duodenum

67
Q

The change in the orientation of the stomach causes the duodenum to shift from its ____ position into its position in the ___.

A
  • midline

- right side

68
Q

The duodenum is a retroperitoneal segment except for the ____, the most proximal part of the duodenum that
retains its _____

A
  • duodenal cap

- mesentery

69
Q

By the 2nd month, the duodenum goes through a solid stage wherein the rapid proliferation of duodenal cells will cause the___ to obliterate. It will then recanalize to establish ____ of the duodenum

A
  • canal or lumen

- patency

70
Q

The liver primordium starts to form at around ___

A

3 ½ weeks.

71
Q

The liver primordium arises from the ___ in which it will be penetrated by cells that will proliferate to form ___

A
  • foregut

- hepatocytes

72
Q

The ____ serves as a connection between the foregut, liver and duodenum.

A
  • bile duct
73
Q

Bile duct originally opens on the ___ aspect of the duodenum but will eventually move to a ___ position due to the rotation of the duodenum.

A
  • anterior

- posterior

74
Q

The gall bladder will start off as a bud on the___ aspect of the bile duct and will eventually connect to each other through the ____

A
  • ventral

- cystic duct

75
Q

By the 10th week, the Liver will weigh about 10% of the total body weight. It will also begin to function as a site of ____

A

hematopoiesis

76
Q

During the 12th week, the liver will start to produce ___, which will go to the____ which causes the contents of the intestine to have a dark green color

A
  • bile

- intestinal tract

77
Q

The septum transversum will also give rise to the___ which is responsible for ____

A
  • Kupffer cells

- immunity

78
Q

___ is a cranial surface above the liver that remains uncovered by peritoneum. It is in contact with the original _____ .

A
  • Bare area

- septum transversum

79
Q

In this area where cranial surface above the liver that remains uncovered by peritoneum, there is a densely packed mesoderm from the septum transversum which will give rise to the ____.

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

80
Q

_____ are derived from mesoderm of the septum transversum.

A

Hematopoietic cells, Kupffer cells, and connective tissue cells

81
Q

Pancreas rises from 2 buds coming from the ___ of the gut

A

endodermal lining

The pancreas is a secondary retroperitoneal organ

82
Q

located on the posterior aspect of the duodenum. Enclosed within the mesentery

A

Dorsal pancreatic duct –

83
Q

lies close to the bile duct. Shifts position with the duodenum and will lie eventually in the dorsal aspect of the duodenum just below and behind the dorsal pancreatic bud.

A

Ventral pancreatic duct

84
Q

The _____ of the two buds in the pancreas will fuse together.
After fusion, the____ will become the uncinate process of the pancreas while the rest of the pancreas will be formed by the ____.

A
  • duct systems and parenchyma
  • ventral bud
  • dorsal bud
85
Q

formed when the distal portion of the dorsal pancreatic duct fuses with the whole ventral pancreatic duct.

A

Principal Pancreatic duct of Wirsung

86
Q

an accessory duct that is formed when proximal portion of the dorsal pancreatic duct fails to obliterate.

A

Accessory duct of Santorini

87
Q

The duct systems of the duct of Wirsung and the duct of Santorini will often fuse together and drain to a common opening called the

A

duodenal papilla of Vater

88
Q

However in 10% of cases, the duct of Santorini will have its own opening in the duodenum through the_____, leading to a double duct system.

A

minor duodenal papilla

89
Q

On the ____ of development, Islets of Langerhans begin to appear.

A

3rd month

90
Q

Insulin production will start by the ___

A

5th month

91
Q

Extends from the point below the origin of the liver bud to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon

A

midgut

Characterized by the rapid elongation of the gut and mesentery

92
Q

connection to the cavity of the duct to the vitelline duct or yolk stalk

A

Lumen of the midgut

93
Q

Blood supply of midgut

A

Branches from superior mesenteric a.

94
Q

Primary intestinal loop

A
  1. ) Cephalic limb – gives rise to the distal parts of the duodenum, jejunum, and upper part of the ileum
  2. ) Caudal limb – gives rise to the lower part of the ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
95
Q

In the midgut,

Vertex formed by the ____
Axis follows the _____

A

vitelline duct

superior mesenteric a.

96
Q

Midgut undergoes a total of ____ rotation around an axis

A

270degrees CCW

97
Q

Midgut during 6th week:

A
  • The primary intestinal loop rotates 90O CCW
  • The primary intestinal loop herniates thru the umbilicus > makes 90 O CCW turn > future SI & LI
  • Most of the parts of SI – right side; LI – left side
98
Q

Midgut during10th week:

A

Herniated bowel loops return to the abdominal cavity, rotates another 180O CCW, resulting to the duodenum lying posterior to the transverse colon

99
Q

___ gives rise to most of the small intestinal loops, elongates rapidly, forming coils

A

Cephalic limb

  • The large intestine also lengthens but does not participate in the coiling phenomenon.
100
Q

Physiological Umbilical Herniation, 6th week caused mainly by the ____ thereby making the space within the abdominal cavity too small to accommodate all of the loops and the LI. Thus, they have a tendency to herniate thru the umbilicus in the extraembryonic cavity

A
  • increased growth and expansion of the liver
101
Q

10th week, the loop starts to retract w/in the abdominal cavity, more space w/in the abdominal space due to the

A
  • regression of the kidneys
  • decreased liver growth
  • expansion of the abdominal cavity
102
Q

–(1st to reenter) the 1st part of the herniated loops to return into the abdominal cavity

A

Proximal portion of the jejunum

Cecal bud – last part to reenter

103
Q

Proximal portion of the jejunum settles on the left side of the ___ and the ff loops will go to the right side

A

abdominal cavity

104
Q

Conical dilation of the caudal limb which gives rise to ___ . Settles to the ____. Eventually descends w/in the _____

A
  • cecum & appendix
  • right upper quadrant
  • right iliac fossa (right lower quadrant)
105
Q

_____ are pulled towards the right side of the abdominal cavity. At this time, during the descent of the cecal bud, it forms a narrow diverticulum called the ____

A
  • Ascending colon & hepatic flexure
  • appendix

That’s why, in 50% of cases, the appendix is found behind the cecum (retrocecal or retrocolic appendix)

106
Q

Mesenteries of Intestinal Loops Initially not fused to the post. abdominal wall. When the ascending and descending colon settles at the____, their mesenteries fuse with the peritoneum of the post. abdominal wall.

A
  • R & L of the abdominal cavity
107
Q

___ are the retroperitoneal segments of the intestine.

A

the ascending & descending colon

they are fixed to the post. abdominal wall.

108
Q

Fate of Transverse Mesocolon: Fuses with the____, but remains mobile and suspended w/in abdominal cavity from ____ to the _____

A
  • post. part of the greater omentum
  • hepatic flexure
  • splenic flexure
109
Q

Fate of the Jejunoileal Loops: Initially continuous with the mesentery of the ascending colon but when the mesentery of the ascending mesocolon fuses with the___, the mesentery of ____ obtains a new line of attachment that extends from the area where the duodenum becomes intraperitoneal to the_____

A
  • post. abdominal wall
  • jejunoileal loops
  • ileocecal junction
110
Q

Closure of the body wall fails or is incomplete at the region of
the umbilicus that is why it occurs lateral to the umbilicus

A

GASTROSCHISIS

Herniates thru the abdominal wall but actually lateral to the
umbilicus, therefore it will neither be covered by peritoneum
or amnion, rather exposed to the corrosive effects of the
amniotic fluid and therefore could damage the abdominal
viscera

111
Q 
Abdominal viscera has
herniated thru an
enlarged umbilical vein
into the umbilical cord
and the herniated loops
are covered by amnion
A

OMPHALOCELE

o May include liver,
spleen, gallbladder
o Origin of defect – when
bowel loops herniate thru
the umbilicus during the
physiological herniation
but fails to return
112
Q

should only be a temporary connection between

the lumen of the ileum & the umbilicus

A

Vitelline Duct

113
Q

Part of vitelline duct does not obliterate and forms an

outpocketing of the ileum

A

Ileal/Meckel’s Diverticulum

Rule of 2s – Meckel’s diverticulum occurs in 2-4% of the pop’n;
usually lies around 2 feet from the ileocecal valve; approx. 2 inches long

Asymptomatic patients

114
Q

if vitelline duct, on both of its ends, becomes fibrous cords but
the middle portion is retained and becomes an enlarged cyst

A

Vitelline Cyst/Enterocystoma - Intestinal loops rotate & strangulate

115
Q

Vitelline duct fails to obliterate all throughout

 Patients – with fecal discharge at the umbilicus

A

Vitelline/Umbilical Fistula

116
Q

GUT ROTATION DEFECTS:
- Primary intestinal loop arrests at 90 degrees only

  • Reverse rotation of intestinal loop (primary intestinal loop rotates
    at 90 degress CW
A
  • left-sided colon & small intestine on the right side

- duodenum lying on top of transverse colon

117
Q

Extends from the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon upto the upper
part of the anal canal

A

hindgut

118
Q

Distal portion of this & that of hindgut open into a common chamber called the cloaca. Involved in the urinary system

A

ALLANTOIS

119
Q

An endoderm-lined cavity that is formed by the distal portion of
the hindgut

A

CLOACA

120
Q

Cloaca:
External part covered by ____
Posterior portion gives rise to the ___
Anterior portion gives rise to ____

A
  • ectoderm
  • primitive ano-rectal canal
  • primitive urogenital sinus
121
Q

ventral covering of the cloaca; formed by

layers of the endoderm and ectoderm

A

Cloacal Membrane

122
Q

a mesodermal tissue that separates the
allantois & hindgut; eventually elongates and comes close to
the cloacal membrane

A

Urorectal Septum

123
Q

At the end of the 7th wk:
- ____ ruptures
- ____ becomes the perineal body
- ____goes through a solid stage, proliferation of ectodermal
cells at the lower part of the anal canal and then, recanalization

A
  • Cloacal membrane
  • Urorectal septum
  • Hind gut
124
Q

Upper 2/3 of anal canal lined by ____; lined by _____
epithelium; supplied by_____, which is a branch of
______

A
  • endoderm
  • columnar
  • superior rectal a
  • inferior mesenteric a.
125
Q

Lower 1/3 of anal canal lined by _____; lined by _____
epithelium; supplied by _____, coming from the
____

A
  • ectoderm
  • stratified squamous
  • inferior rectal a
  • internal pudendal a.
126
Q

Pectinate line delineates between the parts with_____. (lower anal canal) & ____. (upper anal
canal)

A
  • stratified squamous ep

- columnar ep

127
Q

anal membrane fails to
break down; fails to recanalize
after the solid stage

A

IMPERFORATE ANUS

128
Q

absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the bowel wall so that part
of the wall will not relax thereby forming a functional obstruction

A

CONGENITAL/AGANGLIONIC MEGACOLON/HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DIS.

Anatomy 4LE HM (4 decks)

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