Urinary System Flashcards
Several functions of the kidneys
regulation of blood cells of several ions (Na, K, Ca and Cl) regulation of blood pH regulation of blood volume regulation of blood pressure production of hormones regulation of blood glucose levels
what are some metabolic wastes excreted by the kidneys?
ammonia, urea from deamination of amino acids, bilirubin, creatinine and uric acid
Function of ureters
transport urine from kidney to excrete waste
function of bladder
stores urine and expels into urethra
function of urethra
discharges urine from body
The kidneys are described as ______ that is, they lie posterior to the ______peritoneum.
Retroperitoneal
abdominal
what is the indentation on the medial surface of each kidney called?
Renal Hilum
What structures enter or exit the kidney at the hilum?
Ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
what are the 3 layers of connective tissue surrounding each kidney, from deepest to most superficial/
Renal Capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal Fascia
Function of the renal capsule
barrier against trauma and helps maintain shape of kidney
Function of Adipose Capsule
Protects kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within abdominal cavity
Function of Renal Fascia
thin layer that anchors kidney to the surrounding structures to the abdominal wall
A kidney consists of an external smooth-textured layer called the_____ and a deeper layer, the_____consisting of several triangular renal_____.
renal cortex
renal medulla
pyramids
Inward projection of cortex lie between these structures and are called_____.
Renal columns
The tips of the triangular structures are called _____.
Papilla
The central space of the kidney is called the _____and is nearly filled with the funnel-like end of the ureter called the ____along with its extensions called major and minor______.
Renal Sinus
pelvis
calyces
Blood is supplied to the kidneys by the:
Renal arteries
What is a nephron?
Function unit of the kidney
vascular components of a nephron
Afferent arterioles–>Glomerulus–>Efferent arterioles–>Peritubluar capillaries
tubular components of a nephron
bowman’s capsule–>proximal convoluted tubule–>Loop of Henle–>Distal convoluted tubule–>collecting duct
What type of tissue makes up the Bowman’s capsule, tubules and collecting ducts?
Epithelial
double walled
Alongside macula densa, the wall of the afferent arteriole contains modified smooth muscle fibers called:
Also secretes renin and helps to increase kidney BP
Juxtaglomerular Cells
columnar tubule cells are crowded together
macula densa
both of these help regulate blood pressure
macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
Pathway from glomerulus to the urethra
1--glomerulus 2--Bowman's capsule 3--PCT 4--Loop of Henle 5--DCT 6--Collecting Duct 7--Papillary duct 8--minor calyx 9--major calyx 10--renal pelvis 11--ureter 12--urinary bladder 13--urethra
Where does filtrate become urine?
End of collecting duct
What is the difference between tubular fluid and urine?
Urine is waste of excess material
filtrate is solute rich, low protein, plasma like fluid from which urine is formed.
What are the 3 basic steps of urine formation?
Glomerular Filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
The initial process is _____in which plasma minus proteins cross the glomerulus to enter the bowman’s capsule
Glomerular filtration
Some substances are selectively removed from this fluid and returned to the blood by the process of ______which results in retention of these substances by the body.
tubular reabsorption
A few substances are added to the tubular fluid by the process of _____
tubular secretion
Where in the nephron do the last 2 processes of urine formation occur?
PCT, DCT and collecting duct
where does glomerular filtration occur?
renal capsule
approximately what % of the plasma volume becomes filtrate?
16-20%
What 3 tissue layers make up the filtration membrane?
Glomerular endothelial cell,
basal lamina
filtration slit caused by a podocyte
how does filtrate differ from plasma/
Filtrate is protein free plasma
the major driving forcing force for glomerular filtration is
pressure
