Urinary System

Question 1

Several functions of the kidneys

Answer 1

regulation of blood cells of several ions (Na, K, Ca and Cl)
regulation of blood pH
regulation of blood volume
regulation of blood pressure
production of hormones
regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 2

what are some metabolic wastes excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 2

ammonia, urea from deamination of amino acids, bilirubin, creatinine and uric acid

Question 3

Function of ureters

Answer 3

transport urine from kidney to excrete waste

Question 4

function of bladder

Answer 4

stores urine and expels into urethra

Question 5

function of urethra

Answer 5

discharges urine from body

Question 6

The kidneys are described as ______ that is, they lie posterior to the ______peritoneum.

Answer 6

Retroperitoneal

abdominal

Question 7

what is the indentation on the medial surface of each kidney called?

Answer 7

Renal Hilum

Question 8

What structures enter or exit the kidney at the hilum?

Answer 8

Ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 9

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue surrounding each kidney, from deepest to most superficial/

Answer 9

Renal Capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal Fascia

Question 10

Function of the renal capsule

Answer 10

barrier against trauma and helps maintain shape of kidney

Question 11

Function of Adipose Capsule

Answer 11

Protects kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within abdominal cavity

Question 12

Function of Renal Fascia

Answer 12

thin layer that anchors kidney to the surrounding structures to the abdominal wall

Question 13

A kidney consists of an external smooth-textured layer called the_____ and a deeper layer, the_____consisting of several triangular renal_____.

Answer 13

renal cortex
renal medulla
pyramids

Question 14

Inward projection of cortex lie between these structures and are called_____.

Answer 14

Renal columns

Question 15

The tips of the triangular structures are called _____.

Answer 15

Papilla

Question 16

The central space of the kidney is called the _____and is nearly filled with the funnel-like end of the ureter called the ____along with its extensions called major and minor______.

Answer 16

Renal Sinus
pelvis
calyces

Question 17

Blood is supplied to the kidneys by the:

Answer 17

Renal arteries

Question 18

What is a nephron?

Answer 18

Function unit of the kidney

Question 19

vascular components of a nephron

Answer 19

Afferent arterioles–>Glomerulus–>Efferent arterioles–>Peritubluar capillaries

Question 20

tubular components of a nephron

Answer 20

bowman’s capsule–>proximal convoluted tubule–>Loop of Henle–>Distal convoluted tubule–>collecting duct

Question 21

What type of tissue makes up the Bowman’s capsule, tubules and collecting ducts?

Answer 21

Epithelial

double walled

Question 22

Alongside macula densa, the wall of the afferent arteriole contains modified smooth muscle fibers called:
Also secretes renin and helps to increase kidney BP

Answer 22

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Question 23

columnar tubule cells are crowded together

Answer 23

macula densa

Question 24

both of these help regulate blood pressure

Answer 24

macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

Question 25

Pathway from glomerulus to the urethra

Answer 25

``` 1--glomerulus 2--Bowman's capsule 3--PCT 4--Loop of Henle 5--DCT 6--Collecting Duct 7--Papillary duct 8--minor calyx 9--major calyx 10--renal pelvis 11--ureter 12--urinary bladder 13--urethra ```

Question 26

Where does filtrate become urine?

Answer 26

End of collecting duct

Question 27

What is the difference between tubular fluid and urine?

Answer 27

Urine is waste of excess material | filtrate is solute rich, low protein, plasma like fluid from which urine is formed.

Question 28

What are the 3 basic steps of urine formation?

Answer 28

Glomerular Filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion

Question 29

The initial process is _____in which plasma minus proteins cross the glomerulus to enter the bowman's capsule

Answer 29

Glomerular filtration

Question 30

Some substances are selectively removed from this fluid and returned to the blood by the process of ______which results in retention of these substances by the body.

Answer 30

tubular reabsorption

Question 31

A few substances are added to the tubular fluid by the process of _____

Answer 31

tubular secretion

Question 32

Where in the nephron do the last 2 processes of urine formation occur?

Answer 32

PCT, DCT and collecting duct

Question 33

where does glomerular filtration occur?

Answer 33

renal capsule

Question 34

approximately what % of the plasma volume becomes filtrate?

Answer 34

16-20%

Question 35

What 3 tissue layers make up the filtration membrane?

Answer 35

Glomerular endothelial cell, basal lamina filtration slit caused by a podocyte

Question 36

how does filtrate differ from plasma/

Answer 36

Filtrate is protein free plasma

Question 37

the major driving forcing force for glomerular filtration is

Answer 37

pressure