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Anatomy module 1 and 2 > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of skeletal muscles

A

movements of body

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2
Q

three types of contractile cells of body

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

Skeletal

A

Elongated
muscle cells are voluntary
Striated

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4
Q

Cardiac

A

branching
involuntary
striated

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Spindle shaped
involuntary
not striated

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

wrapping around a single cell

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7
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad flat sheet connecting muscles to bones or other muscles

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8
Q

perimyseum

A

wrapping around fascicle

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9
Q

Epimyseum

A

wrapping around an entire muscle

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10
Q

Fascia

A

layers beneath the skin that bind muscles into groups in a body region

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11
Q

Tendon

A

Band or cord that connects muscle to bone

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12
Q

Functions of connective tissue wrappings around and within a skeletal muscle?

A

Insulation, free movement of muscles, carries nerves, blood vessels, fills spaces between muscles

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13
Q

Single Muscle Cell is called:

A

Fiber–basic unit of structure and function for a muscle

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14
Q

Levels of organization from smallest to largest

A 
muscle
fascicle
fiber
myofibril
filament
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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Interconnecting tubules of endoplasmic reticulum that surround each myofibril

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Muscle cell cytoplasm

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18
Q

Sarcomere

A

Region of myofibril between two Z lines

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19
Q

Myofilament

A

Bundle of contractile proteins, arranged into sarcomeres

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20
Q

Fiber

A

Whole muscle Cell

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21
Q

Myofibril

A

threadlike contractile organelle within a muscle cell

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22
Q

T-Tubules

A

An invagination of sarcolemma that projects deep into the muscle cells interior.
Muscle action potential travels through it

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23
Q

Thick filament is made up of:

A

Myosin

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24
Q

Thin filament is made up of:

A

Actin

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25
Q

Regulatory proteins in the thin filament are:

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

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26
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

Sac-like regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contain calcium ions

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27
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Sites of ATP synthesis

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28
Q

Triad

A

A group of one T tubule lying between two adjacent terminal cisternae

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29
Q

I Band

A

Contains only thin filaments

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30
Q

A Band

A

Contains only thick filaments

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31
Q

H Zone

A

Contains both thin and thick filaments

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32
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

requires warm up
sustained for a long period of time
used at rest and endurance (ME!)

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33
Q

Anaerobic Exercise

A

Initiated quickly
rapid fatigue
short, high intensity exercise

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34
Q

Twitch

A

brief single contraction in response to a single stimulus

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35
Q

Tone

A

Small amount of tension in the muscle due to weak contractions of motor units

36
Q

Tetanus

A

Fusion of twitched to form a smooth sustained contraction

37
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle shortens in length/tension remains same during contraction
Produces movement

38
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

muscle length remains about the same/muscle tension increases during contraction
maintain upright posture

39
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle lengthens during contraction due to opposite outside force (weights)

40
Q

Electrical Excitability

A

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

41
Q

Conductivity

A

Signal is allowed to travel

42
Q

How are electrical excitability and conductivity essential for neuron function?

A

They allow the neuron to generate on action potential and then transfer to other cells

43
Q

Motor Unit

A

Consists of somatic motor neuron + all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

44
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

process where the number of active motor units increases

45
Q

Axon

A

propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber or a gland cell. (threadlike)
Conduct and transmit signals to other cells and at the synapse
One per neuron, long, have collaterals (branches)

46
Q

Cell body

A

contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

47
Q

Dendrites

A

(little trees) Receive info from other cells or outside source (neutron)
Receive signals at the synapse
Many, short and branched

48
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Multi-layered lipid and protein covering around some axons

Insulates and increases speed of nerve impulse conduction

49
Q

What type of glial cell form it in the neurons of the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

50
Q

What type of glial cell form it in neurons of the CNS?

A

Neuroglia (glue)

51
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Two processes extending from cell body

limited distribution

52
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A 
One process extending from cell body
Sensory Neurons (carries incoming info to brain/spinal chord
53
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Many interneurons in brain and spinal chord
one axon, many dendrites
motor neurons

54
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Conduct electrical signals away from CNS to muscles or glands OUTGOING
Efferent neurons
Makes up the PNS

55
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Conduct electrical signals from receptors to the CNS INCOMING
Afferent neurons
Makes up the PNS

56
Q

Interneurons

A

Conducts electrical signals within the CNS
Found ONLY in CNS
Conducts signals between sensory and motor neurons

57
Q

Steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized
  2. Myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross-bridges
  3. Myosin cross-bridges rotate toward center of sarcomere (power stroke)
  4. As myosin heads bind to ATP, the cross-bridges detach from Actin.
58
Q

What 2 substances must be present for cross bridge cycling to continue

A

ATP and Calcium

59
Q

What is the function of Calcium Ions in a contraction

A

triggers exposure of binding sites on actin

60
Q

What is the function of ATP in a contraction?

A

Binds to cross bridge, energizes myosin heads. Causes the cross bridge to release from Actin

61
Q

What is the function of Cross-bridges?

A

Flex, pulling the filament inward toward the sarcomere

62
Q

The 3 steps in muscle contraction that require ATP are:

A
  1. Active transport of calcium ions into the SR.
  2. Energizes the power stroke of the cross bridge
  3. Disconnects the cross bridge from the binding site on the actin at the end of the power stroke.
63
Q

What is “membrane potential”?

A

Electrical potential difference (voltage) across membrane

64
Q

What is “polarized”?

A

Separation of Charges across the membrane.

65
Q

Passive or “leak” channels

A

Open and close randomly but are mostly open

66
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

open with electrical stimulus (voltage change)

67
Q

Chemically gated (ligand gated) channels

A

open when specific molecule binds to it. (bending, pressure.)

68
Q

Characteristics of Na+

A

Higher concentration along the outside of the cell membrane
tends to diffuse INTO the cell, but only to a very limited extent, due to few leak channels
moved OUT of the cell by the Na+-K+ pump

69
Q

Characteristics of K+

A

Higher concentration along the INSIDE of the cell membrane
tends to diffuse easily OUT of the cell, due to many leak channels.
Moved INTO cell by the Na+-K+ pump

70
Q

Graded potential

A

Produced when Ligand gated channels open

71
Q

action potential

A

function of Voltage gated channels in the membrane of axons and neurons (Traveling signal of nervous system)

72
Q

Depolarization

A

membrane potential becomes smaller; made more positive

73
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential becomes larger

74
Q

Re polarization

A

Membrane potential is RESTORED to it’s resting state

75
Q

A change from -70mV to -85mV is a:

A

Hyperpolarization

76
Q

A change from -70 mV to -65 mV is a

A

depolarization

77
Q

Depolarizations are:

A

Excitatory

78
Q

Hyperpolarizations are:

A

inhibitory

79
Q

“All or None” principal is:

A

Once threshold is reached, all action potentials are the same size.

80
Q

Myelinated axons conduct action potentials:

A

FASTER than unmyelinated axons

81
Q

Axons of larger diameter conduct action potentials:

A

FASTER than smaller ones

82
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs in

A

MYELINATED axons

83
Q

List 3 ways in which neurotransmitter molecules can be removed from the synaptic cleft

A

1) Diffusion
2) Enzymatic degradation
3) Uptake of cells

84
Q

Steps in the synaptic transmission

A

1–action potential arrives at axon terminal of pre synaptic neuron
2–Voltage-gated Ca^2+ channels open in the axon terminal
3–Calcium diffuses into the axon terminal from the ECF
4–Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis
5–Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cell
6–Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor molecules in the post-synaptic membrane
7–Ion channels in the post-synaptic membrane are opened
8–a post-synaptic potential is produced
9–Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft

85
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A 
1--Sensory Receptor
2--Sensory Neuron
3--Integrating Center
4--Motor Neuron
5--Effector

Anatomy module 1 and 2 (3 decks)

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