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Anatomy module 1 and 2 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply _____to the blood and ____from the the blood

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

O2 and Co2

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2
Q

Air-Conditioning spaces within the skull bones

A

Paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

Bony extensions that increase surface area of nasal cavity

A

Nasal Conchae

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4
Q

rounded openings of the external nose

A

external nares

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5
Q

contains receptors for sense of smell

A

olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

bone and cartilage partition separating left and right halves of nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

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7
Q

forms floor of nasal cavity

A

hard and soft palates

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8
Q

openings from nasal cavity to nasopharynx

A

internal nares

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9
Q

tear ducts

A

nasolacrimal ducts

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10
Q

function as resonance chambers for sound production

A

paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

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11
Q

what are structural features of the nasal mucosa that make it well adapted for its functions?

A

Goblet Cells–secrete mucus that moisten the air and traps dust particles.
Cilia-moves mucus and traps dust particles toward the pharynx then is swallowed or spit out.

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12
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(Oro and Laryngo transport food and air)

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13
Q

Function of Larynx

A

Voice box–short passageway that connect laryngopharynx with the trachea.
composed of cartilage which influences changes and tension in vocal chords

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14
Q

a pair of mucous membrane, vocal folds in larynx and space between them

A

Glottis

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15
Q

Over the tongue–large leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium

A

EpiGlottis

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16
Q

During swallowing, what mechanism prevents food from entering the respiratory passages?

A

Closing of the larynx routes liquids/foods into the esophagus and keeps them out of the larynx and airways.

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17
Q

What is the function of cartilage in other respiratory passageways?

A

Keeps airways open

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18
Q

What are the functions of Mucus, cilia and phagocytes in the respiratory tract?

A

Mucus helps trap dust not removed in upper passageways
Cilia– UPPER moves mucus and trapped particles DOWN toward pharynx LOWER moves mucus up toward pharynx
Phagocytes–injests foreign invaders

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19
Q

Microscopic air sacs of the lungs are:

A

alveoli

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20
Q

what is the function of alveoli

A

Rapid diffusion of gas

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21
Q

what are the structural features of alveoli?

A

thin walls
large surface areas in relation to volume
fluid lined (enabling gas to dissolve)

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the respiratory memebrane

A

1-alveolar wall
2-Epithelial basement membrane
3-Capillary basement membrane
4-Capillary endothelium

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23
Q

What is the difference in function between type I and type II alveolar cells?

A

Type I- Thin, gas exchange, more numerous

Type II- Keeps it moist, secretes surfactin

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24
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?

A

remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces

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25
Q

decrease resistance to air flow

A

bronchodilation

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26
Q

Increase resistance to air flow

A

bronchoconstriction

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27
Q

sympathetic stimulation
epinepherine
beta-2 adrenergic agonist drugs

A

examples of bronchodilation

28
Q

histamine

A

example of bronchoconstriction

29
Q

What structures are found inside the lungs?

A

bronchioles
bronchiol tree
alveoli
primary bronchus

30
Q

what is the effect of epithelial lining on incoming air?

A

moistening, filtering and warming

31
Q

the tapered superior end of each lung is its_____; the broad end is the _____.

A

Apex

Base

32
Q

The indentation where the primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves enter each lung is the ____

A

hilum

33
Q

The left lung is divided by the _____into 2 lobes

A

Oblique fissure

Superior and inferior lobes

34
Q

How many lobes and fissures are there in the right lung?

A

3 lobes–superior, inferior and middle

2 fissures–horizontal and oblique

35
Q

each lobe of the lung is subdivided by connective tissue partitions into ten_____segments, each supplied by a ______

A

Bronchopulmonary

tertiary bronchus

36
Q

contains pleural fluid

A

pleural cavity

37
Q

contains the lungs and mediastinum

A

thoracic cavity

38
Q

serous membrane

A

parietal and visceral pleura

39
Q

lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

40
Q

attached to outer surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

41
Q

what is the function of pleural fluid?

A

reduces friction between membranes

It is found int eh pleural cavity

42
Q

what is the difference between thoracic and pleural cavity?

A

thoracic is the deep layer

pleural cavity is between the visceral and parietal.

43
Q

How much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall

A

lung compliance

44
Q

what two major factors contribute to lunch compliance?

A

Elasticity

Surface Tension

45
Q

Reduces surface tension

A

function of surfactant

46
Q

what two factors prevent the collapse of lungs from the natural elastic recoil?

A

Inter pleural pressure and alveolar pressure

47
Q

When the alveoli increase in size, the alveolar pressure ____. this pulls air ____the lungs.

A

Decrease

Into

48
Q

When alveoli decrease in size, the alveolar pressure _____. this pushes air ____ the lungs

A

Increses

Out

49
Q

when the thoracic cavity _____in size, the lungs ____

A

increases

expands

50
Q

what 2 muscle groups effect the changes in thoracic cavity size in normal quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm
external intercostals

Diaphragm most significant

51
Q

what accessory muscles may be used during forced inspiration?

A

sternochlenomastoid
scalene
internal intercostals
(these work to increase volume)

52
Q

what muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

abdominal
internal intercostals

(help expel air)

53
Q

Phase of breathing

A

1-intra-alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure (Pre inspiratory)
2-Diaphragm contracts (inspiration)
3-thoracic cavity increases in size (Inspiration)
4-lung volume increases (Inspiraction)
5-intra-alveolar pressure decreases;becomes less than atmospheric pressure (Inspiration)
6-air flows into alveoli (Inspiration)
7-intra-alveolar pressure =atmospheric pressure
8-diaphragm relaxes(expiration)
9-thoracic cavity decreases in size (expiration)
10-lungs recoil (expiration)
11-lung volume decreases (expiration)
12-intra-alveolar pressure increases;becomes greater than atmospheric pressure (expiration)
13-air flows out of alveoli
14-intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

54
Q

what effect does airway resistance have on the volume of air flow?

A

increased airway resistance means decreased volume of air flow.

55
Q

volume of air exchanged in a normal breath

A

Tidal volume

56
Q

maximum volume of air inspired beyond a normal inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve

57
Q

maximum volume of air expired beyond a normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve

58
Q

maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs

A

vital capacity

59
Q

maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

A

total lung capacity

60
Q

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

A

residual volume

61
Q

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

A

minute ventilation
(MV=12 breaths/minute x 500 mL/breath
= 6 Liters/min

62
Q

conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange

A

anatomic dead space

63
Q

volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone

A

alveolar ventilation rate

64
Q

Gas exchange across capillary walls involves:

A

diffusion

65
Q

what determines the rate at which a gas will move between two regions

A

daltons law and henry’s law

66
Q

pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

A

partial pressure

Anatomy module 1 and 2 (3 decks)

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