Respiratory system Flashcards
The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply _____to the blood and ____from the the blood
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
O2 and Co2
Air-Conditioning spaces within the skull bones
Paranasal sinuses
Bony extensions that increase surface area of nasal cavity
Nasal Conchae
rounded openings of the external nose
external nares
contains receptors for sense of smell
olfactory epithelium
bone and cartilage partition separating left and right halves of nasal cavity
nasal septum
forms floor of nasal cavity
hard and soft palates
openings from nasal cavity to nasopharynx
internal nares
tear ducts
nasolacrimal ducts
function as resonance chambers for sound production
paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
what are structural features of the nasal mucosa that make it well adapted for its functions?
Goblet Cells–secrete mucus that moisten the air and traps dust particles.
Cilia-moves mucus and traps dust particles toward the pharynx then is swallowed or spit out.
Three divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(Oro and Laryngo transport food and air)
Function of Larynx
Voice box–short passageway that connect laryngopharynx with the trachea.
composed of cartilage which influences changes and tension in vocal chords
a pair of mucous membrane, vocal folds in larynx and space between them
Glottis
Over the tongue–large leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium
EpiGlottis
During swallowing, what mechanism prevents food from entering the respiratory passages?
Closing of the larynx routes liquids/foods into the esophagus and keeps them out of the larynx and airways.
What is the function of cartilage in other respiratory passageways?
Keeps airways open
What are the functions of Mucus, cilia and phagocytes in the respiratory tract?
Mucus helps trap dust not removed in upper passageways
Cilia– UPPER moves mucus and trapped particles DOWN toward pharynx LOWER moves mucus up toward pharynx
Phagocytes–injests foreign invaders
Microscopic air sacs of the lungs are:
alveoli
what is the function of alveoli
Rapid diffusion of gas
what are the structural features of alveoli?
thin walls
large surface areas in relation to volume
fluid lined (enabling gas to dissolve)
What are the four layers of the respiratory memebrane
1-alveolar wall
2-Epithelial basement membrane
3-Capillary basement membrane
4-Capillary endothelium
What is the difference in function between type I and type II alveolar cells?
Type I- Thin, gas exchange, more numerous
Type II- Keeps it moist, secretes surfactin
What is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?
remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces
decrease resistance to air flow
bronchodilation
Increase resistance to air flow
bronchoconstriction
sympathetic stimulation
epinepherine
beta-2 adrenergic agonist drugs
examples of bronchodilation
histamine
example of bronchoconstriction
What structures are found inside the lungs?
bronchioles
bronchiol tree
alveoli
primary bronchus
what is the effect of epithelial lining on incoming air?
moistening, filtering and warming
the tapered superior end of each lung is its_____; the broad end is the _____.
Apex
Base
The indentation where the primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves enter each lung is the ____
hilum
The left lung is divided by the _____into 2 lobes
Oblique fissure
Superior and inferior lobes
How many lobes and fissures are there in the right lung?
3 lobes–superior, inferior and middle
2 fissures–horizontal and oblique
each lobe of the lung is subdivided by connective tissue partitions into ten_____segments, each supplied by a ______
Bronchopulmonary
tertiary bronchus
contains pleural fluid
pleural cavity
contains the lungs and mediastinum
thoracic cavity
serous membrane
parietal and visceral pleura
lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm
parietal pleura
attached to outer surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
what is the function of pleural fluid?
reduces friction between membranes
It is found int eh pleural cavity
what is the difference between thoracic and pleural cavity?
thoracic is the deep layer
pleural cavity is between the visceral and parietal.
How much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall
lung compliance
what two major factors contribute to lunch compliance?
Elasticity
Surface Tension
Reduces surface tension
function of surfactant
what two factors prevent the collapse of lungs from the natural elastic recoil?
Inter pleural pressure and alveolar pressure
When the alveoli increase in size, the alveolar pressure ____. this pulls air ____the lungs.
Decrease
Into
When alveoli decrease in size, the alveolar pressure _____. this pushes air ____ the lungs
Increses
Out
when the thoracic cavity _____in size, the lungs ____
increases
expands
what 2 muscle groups effect the changes in thoracic cavity size in normal quiet breathing?
Diaphragm
external intercostals
Diaphragm most significant
what accessory muscles may be used during forced inspiration?
sternochlenomastoid
scalene
internal intercostals
(these work to increase volume)
what muscles are involved in forced expiration?
abdominal
internal intercostals
(help expel air)
Phase of breathing
1-intra-alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure (Pre inspiratory)
2-Diaphragm contracts (inspiration)
3-thoracic cavity increases in size (Inspiration)
4-lung volume increases (Inspiraction)
5-intra-alveolar pressure decreases;becomes less than atmospheric pressure (Inspiration)
6-air flows into alveoli (Inspiration)
7-intra-alveolar pressure =atmospheric pressure
8-diaphragm relaxes(expiration)
9-thoracic cavity decreases in size (expiration)
10-lungs recoil (expiration)
11-lung volume decreases (expiration)
12-intra-alveolar pressure increases;becomes greater than atmospheric pressure (expiration)
13-air flows out of alveoli
14-intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
what effect does airway resistance have on the volume of air flow?
increased airway resistance means decreased volume of air flow.
volume of air exchanged in a normal breath
Tidal volume
maximum volume of air inspired beyond a normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve
maximum volume of air expired beyond a normal expiration
expiratory reserve
maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs
vital capacity
maximum amount of air the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
residual volume
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
minute ventilation
(MV=12 breaths/minute x 500 mL/breath
= 6 Liters/min
conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange
anatomic dead space
volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone
alveolar ventilation rate
Gas exchange across capillary walls involves:
diffusion
what determines the rate at which a gas will move between two regions
daltons law and henry’s law
pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
partial pressure
