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Anatomy module 1 and 2 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply _____to the blood and ____from the the blood

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

O2 and Co2

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2
Q

Air-Conditioning spaces within the skull bones

A

Paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

Bony extensions that increase surface area of nasal cavity

A

Nasal Conchae

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4
Q

rounded openings of the external nose

A

external nares

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5
Q

contains receptors for sense of smell

A

olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

bone and cartilage partition separating left and right halves of nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

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7
Q

forms floor of nasal cavity

A

hard and soft palates

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8
Q

openings from nasal cavity to nasopharynx

A

internal nares

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9
Q

tear ducts

A

nasolacrimal ducts

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10
Q

function as resonance chambers for sound production

A

paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

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11
Q

what are structural features of the nasal mucosa that make it well adapted for its functions?

A

Goblet Cells–secrete mucus that moisten the air and traps dust particles.
Cilia-moves mucus and traps dust particles toward the pharynx then is swallowed or spit out.

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12
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(Oro and Laryngo transport food and air)

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13
Q

Function of Larynx

A

Voice box–short passageway that connect laryngopharynx with the trachea.
composed of cartilage which influences changes and tension in vocal chords

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14
Q

a pair of mucous membrane, vocal folds in larynx and space between them

A

Glottis

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15
Q

Over the tongue–large leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium

A

EpiGlottis

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16
Q

During swallowing, what mechanism prevents food from entering the respiratory passages?

A

Closing of the larynx routes liquids/foods into the esophagus and keeps them out of the larynx and airways.

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17
Q

What is the function of cartilage in other respiratory passageways?

A

Keeps airways open

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18
Q

What are the functions of Mucus, cilia and phagocytes in the respiratory tract?

A

Mucus helps trap dust not removed in upper passageways
Cilia– UPPER moves mucus and trapped particles DOWN toward pharynx LOWER moves mucus up toward pharynx
Phagocytes–injests foreign invaders

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19
Q

Microscopic air sacs of the lungs are:

A

alveoli

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20
Q

what is the function of alveoli

A

Rapid diffusion of gas

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21
Q

what are the structural features of alveoli?

A

thin walls
large surface areas in relation to volume
fluid lined (enabling gas to dissolve)

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the respiratory memebrane

A

1-alveolar wall
2-Epithelial basement membrane
3-Capillary basement membrane
4-Capillary endothelium

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23
Q

What is the difference in function between type I and type II alveolar cells?

A

Type I- Thin, gas exchange, more numerous

Type II- Keeps it moist, secretes surfactin

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24
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?

A

remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces

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25
decrease resistance to air flow
bronchodilation
26
Increase resistance to air flow
bronchoconstriction
27
sympathetic stimulation epinepherine beta-2 adrenergic agonist drugs
examples of bronchodilation
28
histamine
example of bronchoconstriction
29
What structures are found inside the lungs?
bronchioles bronchiol tree alveoli primary bronchus
30
what is the effect of epithelial lining on incoming air?
moistening, filtering and warming
31
the tapered superior end of each lung is its_____; the broad end is the _____.
Apex | Base
32
The indentation where the primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and nerves enter each lung is the ____
hilum
33
The left lung is divided by the _____into 2 lobes
Oblique fissure | Superior and inferior lobes
34
How many lobes and fissures are there in the right lung?
3 lobes--superior, inferior and middle | 2 fissures--horizontal and oblique
35
each lobe of the lung is subdivided by connective tissue partitions into ten_____segments, each supplied by a ______
Bronchopulmonary | tertiary bronchus
36
contains pleural fluid
pleural cavity
37
contains the lungs and mediastinum
thoracic cavity
38
serous membrane
parietal and visceral pleura
39
lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm
parietal pleura
40
attached to outer surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
41
what is the function of pleural fluid?
reduces friction between membranes | It is found int eh pleural cavity
42
what is the difference between thoracic and pleural cavity?
thoracic is the deep layer | pleural cavity is between the visceral and parietal.
43
How much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall
lung compliance
44
what two major factors contribute to lunch compliance?
Elasticity | Surface Tension
45
Reduces surface tension
function of surfactant
46
what two factors prevent the collapse of lungs from the natural elastic recoil?
Inter pleural pressure and alveolar pressure
47
When the alveoli increase in size, the alveolar pressure ____. this pulls air ____the lungs.
Decrease | Into
48
When alveoli decrease in size, the alveolar pressure _____. this pushes air ____ the lungs
Increses | Out
49
when the thoracic cavity _____in size, the lungs ____
increases | expands
50
what 2 muscle groups effect the changes in thoracic cavity size in normal quiet breathing?
Diaphragm external intercostals Diaphragm most significant
51
what accessory muscles may be used during forced inspiration?
sternochlenomastoid scalene internal intercostals (these work to increase volume)
52
what muscles are involved in forced expiration?
abdominal internal intercostals (help expel air)
53
Phase of breathing
1-intra-alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure (Pre inspiratory) 2-Diaphragm contracts (inspiration) 3-thoracic cavity increases in size (Inspiration) 4-lung volume increases (Inspiraction) 5-intra-alveolar pressure decreases;becomes less than atmospheric pressure (Inspiration) 6-air flows into alveoli (Inspiration) 7-intra-alveolar pressure =atmospheric pressure 8-diaphragm relaxes(expiration) 9-thoracic cavity decreases in size (expiration) 10-lungs recoil (expiration) 11-lung volume decreases (expiration) 12-intra-alveolar pressure increases;becomes greater than atmospheric pressure (expiration) 13-air flows out of alveoli 14-intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
54
what effect does airway resistance have on the volume of air flow?
increased airway resistance means decreased volume of air flow.
55
volume of air exchanged in a normal breath
Tidal volume
56
maximum volume of air inspired beyond a normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve
57
maximum volume of air expired beyond a normal expiration
expiratory reserve
58
maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs
vital capacity
59
maximum amount of air the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
60
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
residual volume
61
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
minute ventilation (MV=12 breaths/minute x 500 mL/breath = 6 Liters/min
62
conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange
anatomic dead space
63
volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone
alveolar ventilation rate
64
Gas exchange across capillary walls involves:
diffusion
65
what determines the rate at which a gas will move between two regions
daltons law and henry's law
66
pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
partial pressure

Anatomy module 1 and 2 (3 decks)

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