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A&P Test 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
A) Disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs
B) Ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
C) Eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
D) Ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

A

D) Ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

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2
Q 
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) 1.000-1.015
B) 1.001-1.035
C) 1.041-1.073
D) 1.030-1.040
A

B) 1.001-1.035

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3
Q

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
A) angiotensin II and ADH
B) angiotensin I and epinephrine
C) angiotensin II and aldosterone
D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

A

C) angiotensin II (stimulates reabsorption of Na+) and aldosterone (promotes synthesis of Na+/K+ channels and pumps)

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4
Q 
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
A) aldosterone
B) ADH
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) thyroxine
A

B) ADH

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5
Q

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells
B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration
C) inhibits the release of ADH
D) increases secretion of ADH

A

C) inhibits the release of ADH

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6
Q

T/F The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

A

False

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7
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
B) by a decrease in the blood pressure
C) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
D) when the pH of the urine decreases

A

B) by a decrease in the blood pressure

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8
Q

T/F Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

A

False

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9
Q 
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
A) an efferent arteriole
B) a fenestrated capillary
C) a vasa recta
D) a podocyte
A

C) a vasa recta

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10
Q 
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
A) loop of Henle
B) principal cell
C) macula densa
D) vasa recta
A

C) macula densa

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11
Q 
The renal corpuscle is made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
B) the renal papilla
C) the descending loop of Henle
D) the renal pyramid
A

A) Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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12
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys
C) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
D) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys

A

C) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

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13
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
A) the secretion of acids and ammonia
B) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water
C) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
D) the secretion of drugs

A

C) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

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14
Q

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
C) maintains blood osmolality
D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

A

D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

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15
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
B) when the pH of the urine decreases
C) by a decrease in the blood pressure
D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

A

C) by a decrease in the blood pressure

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16
Q

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
C) absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis
D) none of these

A

B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

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17
Q

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water
B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle
D) the presence of ADH

A

B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

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18
Q

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
A) the design and size of the podocytes
B) the thickness of the capillary endothelium
C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

A

C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

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19
Q

T/F The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

A

True

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20
Q

T/F Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

A

True

21
Q

T/F Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

A

True - moves wastes like H+ and NH4+

22
Q

T/F In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of
filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier)
and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent
exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the
cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration
dramatically

A

True

23
Q

Chemical composition of urine

A

Urine volume is about 95% water and 5% solutes, the largest solute fraction devoted to the nitrogenous wastes urea, creatinine, and uric acid

24
Q 
Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?
A) collecting duct
B) glomerulus
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) distal convoluted tubule
A

C) proximal convoluted tubule

25
Q 
Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?
A) nephron
B) renal pyramid
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal pelvis
A

A) nephron

26
Q

Tubular reabsorption ________.
A) includes substances such as creatinine
B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
C) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood
D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste

A

B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

27
Q

Which statement is correct?
A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine.
D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.

A

A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

28
Q

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
A) decrease water absorption
B) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
C) decrease the production of aldosterone
D) decrease arterial blood pressure

A

B) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

29
Q

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.

  1. major calyx
  2. minor calyx
  3. nephron
  4. urethra
  5. ureter
  6. collecting duct

A) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4
B) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4
C) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

A

D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

30
Q

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
A) thin segment is freely permeable to water
B) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
C) thick segment is permeable to water
D) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride

A

B) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

31
Q 
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) osmosis
B) cotransport with sodium ions
C) active transport
D) filtration
A

A) osmosis

32
Q

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
A) not Tm limited
B) in the distal convoluted tubule
C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
D) completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached

A

C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

33
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?
A) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts.
B) It is a purely passive transport process.
C) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.
D) It is a reclamation process.

A

B) It is a purely passive transport process.

34
Q

Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine?
A) increased osmolality of extracellular fluids
B) large amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the posterior pituitary
C) decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids
D) increased number of aquaporins present in the collecting duct

A

C) decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids

35
Q 
Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?
A) descending limb of the nephron loop
B) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
C) ascending limb of the nephron loop
D) collecting duct
A

D) collecting duct

36
Q 
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) the same as water
B) much higher than water
C) less than water
D) slightly higher than water
A

D) slightly higher than water

37
Q 
What is the largest component of urine by weight, other than water?
A) creatine
B) phosphates
C) salt
D) urea
A

D) urea

38
Q

Urea recycling can cause a build up of urea in the _______.

A

Renal medulla

39
Q

The color of urine is due to the presence of a chemical called _______.

A

Urochrome

40
Q

T/F Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

A

True

41
Q

T/F Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

A

False

42
Q

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

A

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

43
Q

The female hormone _______ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney.

A

progesterone

44
Q

Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?

A

Tubular reabsorption

45
Q

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which ______.

A

substances move from the peritubular capillary into the nephron

46
Q

T/F Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

A

True

47
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?
A) micturition
B) 
glomerular filtration
C) tubular secretion
D) tubular reabsorption
A

A) micturition

48
Q

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which mechanism?

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

49
Q

The macula densa cells respond to

A

changes in solute content of the filtrate

A&P Test 3 (4 decks)

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