Urinary System Flashcards
The removal of metabolic wastes from the body.
Excretion
Kidneys secrete the hormones ____& _____.
Erythropoietin & renin
Erythropoietin controls __________ production
Red blood cell
Renin controls ________.
Blood pressure
Erythoropoietin controls red blood cell production by _________.
Increasing O2 transporters
The hormone renin controls blood pressure by _______ and _____ blood pressure.
vaso-contriction, raising
A byproduct of protein metabolism that is toxic to body tissues and converted to urea.
ammonia
proteins break down into ______ which are broken down into _______ and finally into urea
amino acids, ammonia
Three nitrogenous metabolic wastes excreted by the urinary system:
Urea, Uric acid, creatine
The kidneys are located _____ the parietal peritoneum.
behind
_____ ______ serves to attach the kidneys to the abdominal wall.
Renal fascia
____ __ ___ serves to cusion the kidneys.
Renal fat pad
Connective tissue that protects the kidneys from infection.
Renal capsule
The bean shape of the kidneys convexes ______ and concaves ______.
laterally, medially
The ______ gland sits atop each kidney.
adrenal
The right and left renal arteries branch from the _____ _____.
abdominal aorta
The renal arteries contain ____ metabolic wastes compared to the renal veins.
More
The ____ is the functional unit and filtering aparatus of the kidney
nephron
There are over _____ nephrons in each kidney
1 million
the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule is made of
podocyte cells
Several nephrons empty into a single collecting duct which empties into the _____ ____.
Minor calyx
Formed by the wall of glomerulus and by the podocyte cells:
filtration membrane
Branched epithelial cells that wrap around the glomerular capilaries.
podocytes
The efferent arteriole gives rise to the ______ ____ ____ that surrounds the renal tubule.
peritubular capillary system
Nephrons remove ____ from blood and regulate ____ and _____ concentrations.
wastes, water, electrolyte
Four consecutive steps required in urine formation:
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reassertion
Tubular secretion
Water conservation
Glomerular filtration creates a _____-like filtrate of the _____.
plasma, blood
Step of urine formation in which useful solutes are removed from filtarate then returned to the blood.
Tubular reabsorption
Step of urine formation in which additional wastes are removed from the blood and addded to the filtrate.
Tubular secretion
Step of urine formation in which water is removed from the urine and returns it to the blood; wastes are concentrated.
water conservation
______ _____ is the filtration of plasma and solutes from the glomerulus into the capsule.
Glomerular filtration
During glomerular filtration plasma is filtered from the glomerular _______ into the _________ .
capillary, Bowman’s capsule
The force required to push plasma from the glomerulus into the capsule.
Filtration Pressure
The outward driving force pushing plasma from the glomerulus into the capsule is _______.
Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries)
The inward force that pushes plasma from the glomerulus into the capsule is the _____ ______ of the plasma.
osmotic pressure. Solutes in the plasma draw water from outside the glomerulus
normal net filtration pressure
10 mm Hg
Composition of filtrate:
water
metabolic wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid, creatinine) nutrient molecules (glucose, amino acids)
electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, etc.)
The filtrate secreted into the capsular spaces by both kidneys in one minute.
glomerular filtration rate
The kidneys produce about ____ ml of glomerular fluide per minute (most is reabsorbed).
125
The maintenance of normal filtration by the nephron
renal auto-regulation
The function of the cells of the JG apparatus
renal auto-regulation
Glomerular filtration rate is controled by the _____.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JG apparatus)
THe JG apparatus consists of a portion of the _____ ______ ____ and a portion of the ______ ______ of the same nephron.
distal convoluted tubule, afferent arteriole
The JG apparatus controls the filtering function of the glomerulus by changing the ______ of the _____ or ______ ______.
diameter of the afferent or the efferent arterioles
chemical produced by the JG apparatus that controls systemic blood pressure.
Renin
At rest the kidneys receive about ___ % of cardiac output.
20
During tubular reassertion the _______ _____ is adapted for reabsorption.
pertubular capillary
Most reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the _____ tubule.
proximal
The presence of ADH _____ water absorption during tubular reassertion.
increases
proteins are reabsorbed by _______ during tubular reassertion.
pinocytosis
Chemical control of water and sodium reabsorption occur in the region of the ________ and the ____ ___.
Distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
anti-diuretic hormon (ADH from the ___ ____ ____ causes the permeability of the distal tubule and collection ducts to ______ and _______ reabsorption of water.
posterior pituitary gland, increase, promotes.
Hormone released by the adreanal gland which further increases sodium and water absorption in the distal tubule.
Aldosterone
Process by which certain substances are transported from plasma to the tubular fluid.
Tubular secretion
Tubular secretion serves to remove:
various organic compounds, hydrogen ions to maintain acid-base balance.
Urine is about _____% water.
95
Muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Ureters
What forces urine to the bladder?
Peristaltic waves
A portion of the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder forms an ____ ____ ___.
Internal urethral sphincter
The opening from the two ureters and the urethra form the _____, a triangle in the floor of the bladder.
Trigone
The process by which urine is expelled
micturition
The presence of about 200ml of urine in the bladder triggers the ____ ____.
micturition reflex
Urethra is lined by _____ ______ epithelium.
stratified columnar
The female urethra is about ____ cm long and the male, _____ long.
4, 20
or
1.5 inches, 8 inches
