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Unit #5 Final Exam(BIOL 2134) > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What are the four primary functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Eliminates metabolic wastes
  2. Kidneys conserve and excrete water mostly used to get rid of urea
  3. Conserves and excretes electrolytes
  4. Maintains and regulates the composition and pH of tissue fluid
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of metabolic products/waste that the kidney eliminates?

A
  1. Urea
  2. uric acid
  3. creatine
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4
Q

Kidney tissue is derived from embryonic mesoderm tissue in three stages, name them?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
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5
Q

Pronephros ( stage 1) of embryonic development of kidneys

A

This embryonic mesoderm tissue is developed in embryo and is gone by the sixth week.
In this stage kidneys are not yet functional

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6
Q

Mesonephros ( stage 2) of embryonic development of kidneys

A

In this stage, kidneys are still not functional.
this layer is gone by the 8th week

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7
Q

Metanephros (stage 3) of the embryonic development of kidneys

A

the pair of kidneys we have are fully developed here. this is the stage the kidneys complete maturation together with associated ducts and are considered fully developed by the 8th week.

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8
Q

Describe the anatomy of the kidney? what does it look like?

A

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs.
They are capped in the superior side of the adrenal glands
they are said to be located retroperitoneal

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9
Q

What does the term retroperitoneal mean in regards to the location of the kidneys?

A

They are located behind the peritoneal cavity separated by a membrane.

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10
Q

Define peritoneum

A

A membrane covering the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the three layers that surround each kidney?

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Adipose capsule
    3, Renal Fascia
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12
Q

Renal capsule layer

A

this layer is the innermost layer (deep).
This layer covers the surface of he kidney.

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13
Q

Adispose capsule layer

A

This is the layer of tissue that cushions the kidney

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14
Q

Renal fascia layer

A

This is the most superficial layer/outermost layer
This is the layer that anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

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15
Q

What are the two external features of the kidney?

A
  1. The kidney has a convex lateral border and a concave medial border
  2. The kidney has a renal hilus
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16
Q

What is the Renal Hilus?

A

This is the location on the kidney where the ureter and blood vessels connect on the medial surface of the kidney.
This is basically the entry point of the kidney.

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17
Q

What are the two internal structures of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla

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18
Q

Describe the cortex of the kidney

A

an internal structure of the kidney.
Considered the outer layer in the kidney and consists on NO pyramids

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the cortex?

A

filtration

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20
Q

Filtration occurs as a result of change in?

A

change in pressure.

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21
Q

Describe the medulla structure of the kidney

A

-an internal structure of the kidney
-Considered deeper and found towards the center of the kidneys
-consists of pyramids

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22
Q

The medulla layer of the kidney consist of four structures, name them

A

a. Renal pyramids
b. Minor Calyx
c. Major Calyx
d.Renal Pelvis

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23
Q

Renal pyramids

A

contains collecting ducts that drains urine

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24
Q

Minor Calyx

A

– the tubes at the tip of the papilla or the point of the pyramids where urine is released and drains to the renal pelvis

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25
Q

Major calyx

A

tubes that drain urine from the minor calyx to the renal pelvis

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26
Q

Renal pelvis

A

a collecting area within the kidney at the upper end of the ureter

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27
Q

Describe the Nephron

A

the microscopic structure in the kidney responsible for filtering the blood and creating urine

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28
Q

Name the 3 main functions of the nephron?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Absorption
  3. Secretion
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29
Q

What are the two divisions of the nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Renal tubule
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30
Q

about how many nephrones are n ne kidney?

A

1,000,000+ nephrons

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31
Q

what are the two types of the nephron?

A
  1. Cortical nephron
  2. juxtamedullary Nephron
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32
Q

Cortical nephron

A

more superficial and in the cortex

33
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

in the medulla. considered deeper

34
Q

What is the primary function of the Juxtamedullary nephron?

A

to concentrate urin.

35
Q

The Renal corpuscle of the nephron is made up of what two structures?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s Capsule
36
Q

What is the structure Glomerulus?

A

These are capillaries where pressure is used to force out material from the blood.

37
Q

Describe the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

sac like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the material filtered out of the blood called filtrate

38
Q

define Filtrate

A

material filtered out of the blood

39
Q

The Renal Tubule of the nephron is made up of four what organs?

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal Convoluted tubule
    4, Collecting Duct
40
Q

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

– reabsorption of water, ions and nutrients

41
Q

Loop of Henle

A

– reabsorption of water in descending limb and reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb

42
Q

Distal Convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of water, sodium, and calcium ions as well as the secretion of acids, drugs, and toxins

43
Q

Collecting duct

A

carries urine to the papillary duct and the minor calyx. Reabsorption of some water

44
Q

What are the 13 blood vessels of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Segmental Arteries
  3. Interlobar Arteries
  4. Arcuate Arteries
  5. Interlobular Arteries
  6. Afferent Arterioles
  7. Glomerulus
  8. Efferent Arterioles
  9. Peritubular Capillaries
  10. Interlobular veins
  11. Arcuate Vein
  12. Interlobar Veins
  13. Renal Veins
45
Q
  1. Renal Artery
A

large artery that runs off the aorta and carries blood to the kidneys

46
Q
  1. Segmental Arteries
A

– carries blood from the renal artery to the interlobar arteries

47
Q
  1. Interlobar Arteries
A

arteries that carry blood through the renal columns to the center of the kidney

48
Q
  1. Arcuate Arteries
A

located at the base of the kidneys and run parallel to the surface of the kidney

49
Q
  1. Interlobular Arteries
A

travel through the cortex toward the surface of the kidney

50
Q
  1. Afferent Arterioles
A

– supplies the renal capsule with blood

51
Q
  1. Glomerulus
A

a ball of capillaries that fit inside the Bowman’s Capsule where things are forced out of the blood

52
Q
  1. Efferent Arterioles
A

artery taking blood away from the glomerulus

53
Q
  1. Peritubular Capillaries
A

a network of capillaries that surrounds much of the renal tubule to reabsorb material such as water

54
Q
  1. Interlobular Veins
A

takes blood away from the peritubules and capillaries

55
Q
  1. Arcuate Vein
A

– runs parallel to the arcuate artery

56
Q
  1. Interlobar veins
A

runs parallel to the interlobar artery and runs to the center of the kidney

57
Q
  1. Renal Veins
A

blood leaves the kidney

58
Q

The kidneys filter blood due to change in what kind of pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

This a filtration process that results in a glomerular filtrate only.

60
Q

Why does glomerular filtration not result in urine as the filtrate?

A

because there things in the glomerular filtrate that still need to be recovered before it can turn to urine.

61
Q

What is Tubular Reabsorption?

A

This is a process that removes materials from the renal tubules and reabsorbs it back into the blood.

62
Q

What is Tubular secretion?

A

A process that adds material from the peritubular capillaries into the distal convoluted tubule

63
Q

What is the primary function of the Ureters?

A

transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

64
Q

What are the three layers that make up the Ureters?

A
  1. Mucosal layer
  2. Muscular layer
  3. Fibrous Layer
65
Q

Mucosa layer of the ureters

A

-inner layer of the ureters
-Made of transitional epithelium

66
Q

Muscular layer of the ureters

A

-middle layer
-made of smoot muscle tissue

67
Q

Fibrous layer of the ureters

A

the outer later
made up of fibrous connective tissue

68
Q

Describe the Urinary bladder

A

a hollow muscular organ used to store urine.
also consists of rugae/folds

69
Q

The urinary bladder has a capacity of about how many ml?

A

600 to 899 mL

70
Q

Define Micturition

A

This is also known as urination.
The act of expelling of urine from the bladder

71
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscles that made up the urinary bladder?

A
  1. Mucosal or the inner and outer longitudinal layers
  2. middle layer
  3. External urethral layer
72
Q

Mucosal layer of the urinary bladder

A

innermost layer.
made of transitional epithelium
Inner and outer longitudinal layers

73
Q

Middle Layer of urinary bladder

A

Made up of circular muscle and also forms the internal urethral sphincter

74
Q

What is the urethral sphincter?

A

formed in the middle layer of urinary bladder. it is made of smooth muscle and it is involuntary

75
Q

External Urethral Sphincter?

A

is made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary

76
Q

describe the Urethra

A

This is a tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body.
lined mostly with stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

The urethra is short/long in female?

A

short

78
Q

The urethra is short/long in male?

A

longer

Unit #5 Final Exam(BIOL 2134) (5 decks)

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