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Unit #5 Final Exam(BIOL 2134) > Special organs of the Digestive system > Flashcards

Special organs of the Digestive system Flashcards

including salivary glads, esophagus, stomach, etc.

1
Q

how many salivary glands are involved in mechanical digestion?

A

3 separate salivary glands
1. Parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. subligual glands

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the salivary glands in digestion?

A

secretion of saliva into the oral cavity to assist with mechanical digestion.

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3
Q

What is the substance found in saliva that helps in lubricating the food to move easier to the stomach?

A

Mucins

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4
Q

Parotid Glands

A

-These are glands located anterior to each ear.
-They are the largest salivary glands

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5
Q

where do the parotid glads secrete saliva to?

A

secretes saliva between the cheek and upper jaw

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6
Q

What is the name of the enzyme found in the saliva secreted by the parotid glands.

A

Salivary amylase

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive enzyme Salivary amylase?

A

This digestive enzyme begins the chemical digestion process in the mouth.

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8
Q

What is the location of the submandibular and sublingual glads?

A

located under the mandible and the tongue.

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9
Q

Where do the submandibular and sublingual glands secrete saliva to?

A

they secrete saliva onto the floor of the mouth.

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10
Q

Describe the Esophagus

A

A hollow tube structure that connects the mouth to the stomach

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11
Q

What is the path of the esophagus?

A

it passes through the thoracic cavity behind the trachea and then enters the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

an opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through.

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13
Q

what is the primary function of the esophagus?

A

To transport a bolus of food from the mouth into the stomach.

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14
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the Stomach?

A
  1. stores food
  2. performs mechanical digestion
  3. performs chemical digestion by mixing the substances coming into the stomach with gastric juices which creates a mixture known as chyme
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15
Q

chyme

A

the semi-fluid mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food.

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16
Q

The anatomy of the stomach consists of which two parts?

A
  1. Lesser curvature
  2. Greater curvature
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17
Q

Lesser curvature of the stomach

A

the medial side of the stomach

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18
Q

greater curvature of the stomach

A

the lateral side of the stomach

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19
Q

list the 4 regions of the stomach anatomically?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
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20
Q

Cardia of stomach

A

the region of the superior medial portion of the stomach where it attaches to the esophagus.

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21
Q

Fundus of stomach

A

The region lateral to the cardia
-This is the most superior portion of the stomach.

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22
Q

Body of stomach

A

the area below fundus down the curve of the J-shape of the stomach
-where most of the mixing occurs between the food and gastric juices.

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23
Q

Pylorus of the stomach
(location)

A

this is the bottom part of the j shape of stomach.
-pylorus is attached to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter.

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24
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

a muscular valve that connects stomach to small intestine.
-Main purpose is to regulate how much chyme leaves the stomach and enters the intestine.

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25
Q

rugae

A

a tissue that forms Large folds of the stomach.

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26
Q

What is the primary function of rugae in the stomach?

A

Purpose: increases the surface area of the stomach. basically allows the stomach to stretch when it gets full and contract to get smaller when it is empty.

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27
Q

What are the two extra layers muscles that are found in the stomach?

A
  1. Muscularis Mucosae
  2. Muscularis Externa
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28
Q

Muscularis mucosae in stomach is characterized by

A

an extra outer circular layer of muscle

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29
Q

Muscularis external of stomach

A

Has an additional inner oblique layer of smooth muscle

30
Q

T/F
The inside of the stomach is very smooth

A

False.
The inside of the stomach is not smooth and instead has deep grooves known as gastric pits.

31
Q

gastric pits

A

deep grooves found in the inside of the stomach lead to branches called gastric glands

32
Q

What 3 types of cells line the gastric glands of the stomach?

A
  1. Parietal cells
  2. Chief cells
  3. G cells
33
Q

Purpose of Parietal cells

A

secretes Hydrochloric acid (HCL) which kills microorganisms in the stomach, breaks down connective tissues in food and activates enzymes in the stomach

34
Q

Chief cells purpose

A

Secrets inactive digestive enzymes called pepsinogen that is activated by acid in the stomach into pepsin.

35
Q

The activation of pepsinogen into pepsin leads to what?

A

this begins the chemical digestion of proteins

36
Q

G cells purpose

A

these are found deep in the gastric glands and secretes the hormone Gastrin and when food enters the stomach and activates other cells in the gastric glands.

37
Q

the protein pepsinogen is considered and inactive or active molecule

A

In active

38
Q

What activates the protein pepsinogen?

A

The interaction of pepsinogen with acid in the stomach

39
Q

What is the active form of the protein pepsinogen?

A

Pepsin

40
Q

what is the primary role of the small intestine?

A

to finish the process of chemical digestion of the food and then absorb the nutrients into the body.

41
Q

What are the main structures of the small intestine?

A
  1. Plicae circulares
  2. Villi
42
Q

Plicae circulares

A

this is a structure of the small intestine
-folds within the small intestine that are permanent unlike rugae.

-Purpose to increase the surface area within the intestine to increase the ability to absorb nutrients

43
Q

Vili

A

small finger like projections that cover the surface of the plicae circulares that further increase the surface area of the intestinal wall.

44
Q

The small intestine is divided into 3 divisions, please name them?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. ileum
45
Q

Duodenum of small intestine

A

-10 inches, the shortest and widest section of the small instestine
-This is the first section after the stomach is separated by pyloric sphincter

46
Q

In what division of the small intestine is the location where the chyme and digestive enzymes mix together for the majority of digestion to begin?

A

Duodenum

47
Q

Jejunum of small intestine
(how big? What happens here)

A

-8 feet
-the second region of the small intestine
-Where most chemical digestion occurs and nutrient absorption begins.

48
Q

Ileum of the small intestine

A

12 feet, longest portion
-final section of small intestine
-continues the function of the absorption of nutrients.

49
Q

The location where the ileum ends is known as?

A

ileocecal valve

50
Q

What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?

A

Controls the flow of material from the small intestine into the cecum and the large intestine.

51
Q

Primary function of the Large intestine?

A

-responsible for some absorption of nutrients but mostly for the reabsorption of water from the indigestible material passing through the age intestine.

52
Q

What are the 6 parts that make up the large intestine?

A
  1. cecum
    2.Ascending colong
  2. transverse colong
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
  5. anus.
53
Q

The anus contains two important structures that aid in the control of feces, name them?

A

internal and external sphincter muscles.

54
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  1. Pancrease
  2. Liver
55
Q

Pancrease

A

the pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
-secretes a mixture of digestive enzymes known as pancreatic juices.

56
Q

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices into which organ of the digestive system

A

the duodenum

57
Q

What are the 3 enzymes secreted by the pancreas

A
  1. Pancreatic Amylase
  2. Trypsin
  3. Lipase
58
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

breaks down starch

59
Q

Trypsin

A

Breaks down proteins

60
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fats

61
Q

As part of the endocrine system, the pancreas also secretes which other hormones?

A

Glucagon and insulin

62
Q

Glucagon and insulin hormones function in?

A

carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

63
Q

The liver is attached to the abdominal wall by what ligament?

A

It is attached by the falciform ligament

64
Q

Describe the Liver

A

-consists of a large left and right lobes and two smaller quadrate and caudate lobes

65
Q

What is the 3 primary function of the liver?

A

-Production of bile
-storage of excess glucose in form of glycogen
-detoxify the blood
(detoxification of all toxins i.e drugs and alcohol)

66
Q

Gall bladder

A

a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver

67
Q

Purpose of the gallbladder?

A

stores bile which is used to emulsify fats and help with their absorption.

68
Q

Purpose of the rectum?

A

Store waste.

69
Q

what kind of muscle is the internal sphincter of the anus made up of? is it voluntary/involuntary

A

Smooth muscle
involuntary

70
Q

what kind of muscle is the external sphincter of the anus made up of? is it voluntary/involuntary

A

skeletal muscle
Voluntary

71
Q
A

Unit #5 Final Exam(BIOL 2134) (5 decks)

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