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FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of the Urinary System

A
  • 2 Kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • 1 Urinary bladder
  • 1 Urethra
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2
Q

Functions of Urinary System (Regulates)

A
  • Blood volume
  • Blood pressure
  • pH (concentrations of H+ and HCO3-)
  • Concentrations of each ion in the blood (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-)
  • Secretion of renal hormones
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3
Q

Functions of Urinary System (Eliminates)

A
  • Wastes e.g. urea, uric acid
  • Hormones
  • Drugs (e.g. antibiotics)
  • Toxins
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4
Q

Structures of the Urinary System

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Nephrons
  3. Juxtaglomerular Complex (Apparatus)
  4. Ureters
  5. Urinary Bladder
  6. Urethra
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5
Q

Kidneys

A
  1. External Anatomy of Kidneys
  2. Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
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6
Q

External Anatomy of Kidneys

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Right lower than left
  • Supported and protected by 3 layers of connective tissue
  • Renal Hilus (Hilum)
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7
Q

3 Layers of Connective Tissue (External Anatomy - Kidney)

A
  1. Fibrous Capsule
    • Outer layer
  2. Perirenal Fat Capsule
    • Middle layer
  3. Renal Fascia
    • Inner layer
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8
Q

Renal Hilus (Hilum)

A
  • Medial indentation
  • Entry point of:
    • Renal artery (superior)
    • Renal Vein (Inferior)
    • Ureter
    • Nerves
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9
Q

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

A
  1. Renal Cortex (superficial layer)
  2. Renal Medulla
  3. Renal Pelvis
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10
Q

Renal Cortex (superficial layer)

A
  • Contains parts of nephrons
  • Contains afferent and efferent arterioles as well as capillary beds called glomeruli
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11
Q

Renal Medulla

A
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal Columns
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12
Q

Renal pyramids

A
  • Apex of pyramid is called the renal papilla
  • Contain parts of nephrons
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13
Q

Renal Columns

A
  • Projections of cortex into the medulla
  • Separate pyramids
  • Contains arteries, veins and nerves that supply the cortex
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14
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • Central collecting chamber for filtrate/urine
  • Receives filtrate/urine from major calyces
    • Major calyces receive filtrate/urine from minor calyces which are small cup shaped structures that surround the renal papilla
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15
Q

Nephron

A
  • Functional unit of kidney (microscopic)
  • Composed of:
    1. Renal Corpuscle
    2. Renal Tubules
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16
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A
  • In cortex
  • Site of blood filtration (first step in urine formation)
  • Parts:
    1. Glomerulus
    2. Afferent Arteriole - enters glomerulus
    3. Efferent Arteriole - exits glomerulus
    4. Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule
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17
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • = Capillary bed (endothelium formed of simple squamous epithelium)
  • Has many fenestrations (pores) between cells
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18
Q

Afferent Arteriole - enters glomerulus

A

Carries blood delivered to kidney from the renal artery

19
Q

Efferent Arteriole - exits glomerulus

A

Drains into peritubular (of cortical nephrons) and vasa recta (of juxtaglomerular nephrons)

20
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

A
  • Surrounds and collects filtrate (filtered blood plasma) from glomerulus
  • 2 layers:
    • Outer layer is a simple squamous epithelium
    • Inner layer is made of cells called podocytes that wrap around glomerular capillaries
21
Q

What does the Filtration Membrane consists of?

A
  • Glomerular endothelium (capillaries)
    • Fenestrations in the simple squamous epithelium allow plasma through, but not formed elements and most large proteins
  • Shared basement membranes of i) and iii)
  • Podocytes (of glomerular capsule)
    • Have many finger-like projections that form a network of filtration slits
22
Q

Renal Tubules

A
  • 4 parts with specific cell types and functions:
    1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
    2. Nephron Loop
    3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
    4. Collecting Ducts
23
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A
  • In cortex
  • Receives filtrate from glomerular capsule
  • Cells are cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli
  • Reabsorbs most useful substances (e.g. glucose, amino acids) from the filtrate
  • Secretes waste products into filtrate
24
Q

Nephron Loop

A
  • In the medulla
  • Descending limb (thin)
    • Simple squamous epithelium, highly water permeable
  • Ascending limb (thick)
    • Simple cuboidal epithelium, water-impermeable
25
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A
  • In cortex
  • Cuboidal epithelium
26
Q

Collecting Ducts

A
  • In cortex & medulla
  • Drain filtrate from numerous nephrons into minor calyces
  • Contain cells that regulate water and Na+ reabsorption and acid/base balance of the blood
27
Q

2 Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical
  2. Juxtamedullary
28
Q

Cortical

A
  • Make up majority of nephrons
  • Renal corpuscles near kidney surface in cortex
  • Short nephron loop that dips into the outer medulla
  • Has peritubular capillaries that branch from efferent arteriole and surround DCT and PCT
29
Q

Juxtamedullary

A
  • Renal corpuscles in cortex near medulla
  • Long nephron loops that penetrate deep into medulla
    • Allow for production of dilute or concentrated urine depending on need
  • Has capillaries that branch from efferent arterioles called vasa recta that run parallel to the nephron loop
30
Q

Juxtaglomerular Complex (apparatus)

A
  • Regulates the rate of filtrate formation
  • Point of contact between end of ascending limb, afferent and efferent arterioles at renal corpuscle of same nephron
  • Parts
    1. Tubular Portion - macula densa
    2. Vascular (Arteriolar) Portion
31
Q

Tubular Portion - macula densa

A
  • Modified (tall and narrow) distal convoluted tubule cells
  • Monitor filtrate composition
32
Q

Vascular (Arteriolar) Portion

A
  • Afferent and efferent arteriolar portion = granular (juxtaglomerular cells)
    • Modified smooth muscle cells that monitor blood pressure
    • Secrete an enzyme/hormone that helps to regulate blood pressure and ion balance
33
Q

Ureters

A
  • Transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder
  • Retroperitoneal
34
Q

Histology (Ureters)

A
  • Mucosa
    • Transitional epithelium (stretches)
  • Muscularis Externa
    • Smooth muscle
  • Adventitia
    • Connects ureter to body wall
35
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • Short term storage of urine
  • Retroperitoneal
36
Q

Histology (Urinary Bladder)

A
  • Mucosa
    • Transitional epithelium with rugae
  • Muscularis externa
    • = Detrusor muscle - smooth muscle
    • Contraction of detrusor muscle causes urination
  • Adventitia/Serosa
    • Mostly adventitia
    • Serosa covers the superior surface
37
Q

Urethra

A
  • Drains urine from bladder
  • Transports urine and when testes are present, also transports semen
38
Q

Histology (Urethra)

A
  • Mucosa
    • Transitions from transitional epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
  • Muscularies externa
    • Is smooth muscle
  • Adventitia only
39
Q

2 Sphincters (Urethra)

A
  1. Internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
    • Thickening of detrusor muscle at base of bladder
  2. External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
    • In urogenital diaphragm
40
Q

Filtrate Movement of the Urinary System

A

Several DCTs
↓
Collecting ducts (exit at renal papilla)
↓
Minor Calyx
↓
Major Calyx
↓
Renal Pelvis
↓
Ureter
↓
Urinary Bladder
↓
urethra

41
Q

Related Medical Conditions

A
  1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
  2. Glomerulonephritis
42
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

Bacterial infection of the mucosa of the bladder and/or urethra (most common). Can also involve ureters and kidneys (less common).

43
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli ans structures of the filtration membrane that impairs their ability to filter blood plasma

FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 (8 decks)

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