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FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Overview

A
  • Includes ductless glands and endocrine tissues within other organs
  • Secrete chemical signals called hormones which travel in the circulation and bind to receptors on/within target cells to initiate a change in the cell (a response)
    • Target Cell = cell with receptor specific for that hormone
    • No Target Cell = don’t have a receptor for hormone
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2
Q

What are the 3 Hormone Classes?

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Hormones derived from amino acids
  3. Peptide and protein hormones
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3
Q

Steroids

A
  • Synthesized (made) from cholesterol
  • Testosterone, estrogen, vitamon D
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4
Q

Hormones derived from amino acids

A
  • e.g formed from tyrosine
    • Thyroxine/T4
      - A thyroid hormone
      - Controls cellular metabolism, growth and development
    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
      - Secreated by the adrenal medulla as part of the fight or flight stress response and sexual climax (orgasm)
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5
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A
  • Chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
  • E.g. oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin
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6
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands with no other function (pure endocrine glands - their only function is to produce and secrete hormones)

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7
Q

How many Endocrine Glands?

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Parathyroid Glands
  4. Adrenal Glands
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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Suspended from hypothalamus
  • In sella turcica of sphenoid bone
  • 2 lobes:
    1. Anterior Pituitary
    2. Posterior Pituitary
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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Glandular epithelial tissue
  • Anterior pituitary hormone secretion regulated by hormones released by hypothalamus
  • Secretes the following hormones:
    1. Growth Hormone (GH)
    2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
    4. Gonadotropins - Reproductive Hormones
    5. Prolactin (PRL)
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10
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Affects growth and metabolism

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11
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates secretions by the thyroid gland

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland

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13
Q

Gonadotropins - Reproductive Hormones

A
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    • Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary; stimulates testosterone production by interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells in the testes
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    • Stimulates sustentocytes and follicle cells
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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulates milk production by mammary glands

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Nervous tissue (extension of brain structure called the hypothalamus)
  • Stores and secretes hormones produced in hypothalamus, including:
    • Oxytocin
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin)
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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling

17
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin)

A

Enhances water reabsorption by collecting duct cells of nephrons in the kidney

18
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • Butterfly shaped gland on anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea (inferior to larynx)
  • Thyroid Histology:
    • Follicles
    • Parafollicular cells
19
Q

Follicles

A
  • Walls of the follicles are composed of epithelial (follicular) cells that secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4)
  • Thyoxine is converted to its active form (T3) in target cells
20
Q

Parafollicular cells

A
  • Between follicles
  • Secrete calcitonin
    • Increase Ca++ uptake into bone (bone formation) which lowers blood Ca++
21
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • 4 (usually) glands embedded in posterior thyroid
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    • Acts on bone, kidneys to increase blood calcium levels
22
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Located on the superior surface of each kidney
  • Parts:
    1. Adrenal Cortex (outer)
    2. Adrenal Medulla (inner)
23
Q

Adrenal Cortex (outer)

A
  • Epithelial tissue forming glands
  • Secretes only steroids
  • 3 Layers ( a single class of hormones is secreted by each layer):
    1. Zona Glommerulosa
    2. Zona Fasciculata
    3. Zona Reticularis
24
Q

Zona Glommerulosa

A
  • Mainly secretes aldosterone
    • Acts on nephrons to regulate salt balance
25
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A
  • Secretes mainly cortisol
    • Regulates many body processes during long-term stress
26
Q

Zona Reticularis

A
  • Secretes androgens (sex hormones)
    • Converted to testosterone or estrogens in other tissues
27
Q

Adrenal Medulla (inner)

A
  • Modified nervous tissue
  • Synthesizes hormones that regulate “fight or flight” response
    • Epinephrine (80%)
    • Norepinephrine (20%)
28
Q

Endocrine Tissues

A
  • Hormone secreting cells or tissues located in organs that have other functions (i.e. are not stricly glands that secrete hormones):
    1. Pacreatic Islets of langerhans in Pancreaas
    2. Hypothalamus (part of the brain)
    3. Gonads
    4. Others
29
Q

Hypothalamus (part of the brain)

A
  • Produces and secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
    • GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
    • GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone; also known as somatostatin)
    • GnRH (Gonadotropin Rleasing Hormone) - for FSH and LH secretion
  • Produces hormones that are stored and secreted by posterior pituitary
29
Q

Pacreatic Islets of langerhans in Pancreaas

A
  • 𝛼-cells
    • Secrete glucagon
      • Increases blood glucose concentration
  • β-cells
    • Secrete insulin
      • Decreases blood glucose concentration
30
Q

Gonads

A
  • Testes
    • Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells - secrete testosterone
  • Ovaries
    • Granulosa cells of secondary and vesicular follicles secrete estrogen
    • Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
31
Q

Others

A
  • Duodenum - secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Kidney - renin, erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Skin - vitamin D
  • Heart - atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  • and others

FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 (8 decks)

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