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FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of respiratory system?

A
  • Ventilation
    • Air movement into and out the lungs
  • Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between lungs and blood
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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of respiratory system?

A
  1. Upper Respiratory System
    • Nose, Nasal cavity, pharynx
  2. Lower Respiratory System
    • Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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3
Q

Mucosa/Mucous

A
  • most of the respiratory tract is ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells sitting on the lamina propria
    • Goblet cells secrete mucous
    • Cilia sweep mucous to esophagus where swallowed
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4
Q

Respiratory System Organs

A
  1. Nose
  2. Nasal Cavity
  3. Paranasal Sinuses
  4. Pharynx (Throat)
  5. Larynx (Voice-Box)
  6. Trachea
  7. Lungs
  8. Bronchial Tree
  9. Respiratory Membrane
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5
Q

Nose

A
  • Supported by bone and hyaline cartilage
  • Nostrils are called nares
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6
Q

Nasal Cavity Function

A
  • Airway passage (warms, moistens, and filters air)
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
  • Speech (resonance chamber)
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7
Q

Nasal Septum (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Anterior Part
    • Hyaline cartilage
  • Posterior Part
    • Vomer, Ethmoid, Maxillae, Palatine bones
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8
Q

What are the 3 areas of Nasal Cavity?

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Respiratory Area
  3. Olfactory Area
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9
Q

Vestibule (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Anterior region
  • No mucosa; lined by thin skin with hair that filters particles (e.g. dust, pollen)
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10
Q

Respiratory Area (Nasal Cavity - PART 1)

A
  • Posterior region
  • Chonchae protrude medially from the lateral walls of nasal cavity
    • Superior (projection of the ethmoid)
    • Middle (projection of the ethmoid)
    • Inferior (separate bones referred to as the inferior nasal chonchae)
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11
Q

Respiratory Area (Nasal Cavity - PART 2)

A
  • Air passes through nasal meatuses (channels) that are between the nasal chonchae
  • Chonchae and meatuses cause air turbulence that helps to humidify air and trap dust/pollen on the ciliated epithelium
  • Nasolacrimal duct connects the medial region of eye to the inferior nasal meatus, allowing lacrimal fluid (which includes tears) to drain into nasal cavity
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12
Q

Olfactory Area (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Found in roof of nasal cavity
  • Mucosa contains olfactory neurons that are sensory receptors for the sense of smell
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13
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A
  • 8 Air filled spaces in skull
    • Paired left & right spaces in:
      • Frontal
      • Sphenoid
      • Ethmoid
      • Maxillae
  • Open directly into nasal cavity
  • Function: Warm, moisten air (Skull lighter)
  • Sinusitis: When the mucous membrane becomes inflamed due to infection
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14
Q

Pharynx (Throat)

A
  • Walls are formed of skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
  • 3 interconnected regions
    1. Nasopharynx
    2. Oropharynx
    3. Laryngopharynx
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15
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Located posterior to nasal cavity
  • Passageway for air only
  • Contains:
    • Pharyngeal tonsil located on posterior wall
    • Openings:
      - 2 Posterior nasal apertures - connect nasal cavity to nasopharynx
      - 2 Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes - connect middle ear to nasopharynx
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16
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • Epithelium of mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium
  • Passageway for both air and food from soft palate to top of epiglottis
  • Contains:
    • Palatine Tonsils
    • Lingual Tonsil
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17
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Posterior to the larynx - from the epiglottis to the opening of the larynx
  • Epithelium of mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium
  • Passageway for both air and food
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18
Q

Larynx (Voice-Box)

A
  • Anterior to laryngopharynx
  • Air passageway that connects the pharynx to the trachea
  • Composed of 8 hyaline cartilages and 1 elastic cartilage (epiglottis):
    • The epiglottis is flexible and covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx
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19
Q

Vocal Cords (Larynx)

A
  • Ligaments are 2 sets of paired folds under the laryngeal mucosa in the mid-larynx
    • Vestibular Folds
    • Vocal Folds
20
Q

Vestibular Folds

A
  • Are the superior folds
  • Are called the False Vocal Cords
  • Helps close the glottis
21
Q

Vocal Folds

A
  • Are the Inferior folds
  • Are called the True Vocal Cords
  • Produce sounds by vibration
22
Q

Glottis (Larynx)

A
  • Includes the vocal folds (true vocal cords) and the opening between them
  • Closes to prevent food and liquid from entering trachea
  • Laryngitis:
    • Inflammation of larynx due to infection or irritation
23
Q

Trachea

A
  • Anterior to esophagus
  • Connects larynx to main bronchi (the two main bronchi are branches off trachea leading to each lung)
  • Passageway for air only
  • Consists of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
    • Open part of C faces esophagus - permits expansion of esophagus
24
Q

Lungs

A
  • Right and left lungs are separated by mediastinum
    • Right Lung
    • Left Lung
    • Pleura
    • Pleural Cavity
25
Q

Right Lung

A
  • 3 Lobes
  • Superior, middle, inferior
26
Q

Left Lung

A
  • 2 Lobes
  • Superior, Inferior
  • Has cardiac notch (where heart lies)
27
Q

Pleura

A
  • Serous membrane
  • Visceral - on surface of lung
  • Parietal - on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum
28
Q

Pleural Cavity

A
  • Filled with serous fluid
  • Prevents friction when lungs move
  • Holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall
29
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • Connects trachea to alveoli of lungs
  • Extends from left and right main brachi to alveolar ducts
  • Air passageway that repeatedly branches into smaller and smaller passageways
30
Q

what does Bronchial Tree consists of?

A
  • Conducting Zone Structures
  • Respiratory Zone Structures
31
Q

Conducting Zone Structures

A
  • 2 Main (primary/ 1st level) bronchi (left and right)
  • 5 Lobar (secondary/ 2nd level) bronchi
    • 3 on right side, 2 on left side
  • Segmental bronchi (multiple levels of branching)
  • Terminal bronchioles (multiple levels of branching)
  • Epithelium of mucosa transitions from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium in larger bronchi to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles
32
Q

Respiratory Zone Structures

A
  • Site of gas exchange (oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide exits blood in these structures)
  • Epithelium of mucosa transitions from ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in respiratory bronchioles to simple squamous in the alveolar ducts
33
Q

What does Respiratory Zone Structures consists of?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles (multiple levels of branching)
  • Alveolar ducts (tips of bronchial tree)
  • Alveoli (millions)
    • Honeycomb-like chambers
    • Main site of gas exchange
    • Form part of respiratory membrane
34
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • 3 layers = 2 epithelia and their fused basement membrane
35
Q

Wall of Alveolus

A
  • Simple epithelium
  • Made of 2 cell types:
    1. Type I alveolar cells
    2. Type II alveolar cells
  • Alveolar pores (openings) allow air movement between adjacent alveoli
  • Macrophages
    • Freely move between blood and alveoli
    • Remove dust, cellular debris and pathogens
36
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A
  • Simple squamous
  • Allow gas diffusion
37
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Secrete surfactant - molecule that covers inner surface of alveoli
    • Reduces atractive forces between water molecules making it easier for alveoli to expand during inhalation
38
Q

Wall of capillary

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium (Endothelium)

39
Q

What the 2 routes for Blood Supply to the Lungs?

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation
  2. Bronchial Circulation
40
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Blood to be oxygenated
    right ventricle
    ↓ (Deoxygenated)
    pulmonary trunk
    ↓ (Deoxygenated)
    pulmonary arteries
    ↓ (Deoxygenated)
    capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs
    ↓ (Oxygenated)
    pulmonary veins
    ↓ (Oxygenated)
    left atrium
41
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A
  • Subdivision of systemic
  • Blood of nourish lung tissue
  • Bronchial arteries
    • Arise from aorta (systemic)
    • Carry oxy blood to lung tissues (eg bronchi) except respiratory portion
  • Returning to heart blood drains into:
    • Bronchial vein (little blood) (to right atrium - systemic)
    • OR pulmonary veins (most blood) ( to left atrium - pulmonary)
42
Q

Blood Flow 1 (Bronchial Circulation)

A

Left ventricle
↓ (Oxygenated)
Aorta
↓ (Oxygenated)
Bronchial arteries
↓ (Oxygenated)
All lung/bronchial tissue (EXCEPT respiratory portion)
↓ (Deoxygenated)
pulmonary veins
↓ (Oxygenated)
left atrium

43
Q

Blood Flow 2 (Bronchial Circulation)

A

Left ventricle
↓ (Oxygenated)
Aorta
↓ (Oxygenated)
Bronchial arteries
↓ (Oxygenated)
All lung/bronchial tissue (EXCEPT respiratory portion)
↓ (Deoxygenated)
Bronchial veins
↓ (Deoxygenated)
Vena cava
↓ (Deoxygenated)
left atrium

44
Q

Related Medical Conditions

A
  1. Pulmonary Edema
  2. Pulmonary Embolism
45
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs - between cells and within alveoli

46
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • Blockage of pulmonary vasculature
  • Results from blood clots, arteriosclerosis, air buubbles in vessels, etc

FINAL EXAM - BIOL 1410 (8 decks)

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