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Human Biology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ureters

A

Small tubes that extend from kidney to bladder

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2
Q

What are the ureters lined with (4)

A
  1. Transitional epithelium
  2. Underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventia (fibrous layer containing blood vessels)
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3
Q

What is the bladder

A

A balloon shaped muscle that serves as the storage pouch for urine

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4
Q

Functions of the two sphincters in the bladder (2)

A
  1. Maintain constriction of a natural body passsage
  2. Relax as required by normal physiological functions
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5
Q

Where does the urethra extend from

A

From bladder to outside

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6
Q

What are the 4 kidney functions

A
  1. Excretion of metabolic wastes
  2. Maintenance of water salt balance
  3. Maintenance of acid base balance
  4. Secretion of hormones
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7
Q

What nitrogenous wastes are excreted from the kidneys

A
  1. Urea: by product of amino acid metabolism. ammonia joins to CO2 in liver to form urea
  2. Creatinine: produced from creatine phosphate in muscles
  3. Uric acid: from nucleotide metabolism. waste product found in blood. most uric acid dissolves in blood, passes through kidneys and leaves the body in the urine
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8
Q

Maintenance of water-salt balance

A
  • Blood volume is associated with salt balance of the body
  • More salts in the blood = blood volume higher = high blood pressure
  • Regulates levels of other ions
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9
Q

How do the kidneys maintain acid base balance

A
  • Control pH by excreting H+ ions and reabsorbing HCO3-
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10
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete and activate and what do they do (3)

A
  1. Renin: leads to secretion of aldosterone, which controls reabsorption of sodium ions
  2. Erythropoietin: stimulates red blood cell production
  3. Vit D: Activated by kidneys, activates calcitrol which promotes Ca2+ absorption from the digestive tract
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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the. kidney

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pelvis
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12
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of renal artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys

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13
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of afferent arteriole

A

Carries blood to the glomerulus

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14
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of efferent arterioles

A

Carry blood out away from glomerulus

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15
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of peritubular capillaries

A

Travel alongside nephrons to allow reabsorption and secretion between blood and inner lumen

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16
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of renal veins

A

Carry away the filtered blood

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17
Q

Functions of the nephron (3)

A
  1. Initial filtration of blood
  2. Selective reabsorption of filtered substances back into blood
  3. Secretion of unwanted substances
18
Q

What structures does the nephron tubular component contain (5)

A
  1. Glomerular Capsule (Bowmans Capsule)
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Collecting Duct
19
Q

What performs the first step in filtration of blood to form urine

A

The bowmans capsule

20
Q

Bowmans Capsule

What is the Outer and Inner layer of the Bowmans Capsule made of

A
  • Outer layer is squamous epithelium
  • Inner layer is made of podocytes (long cytoplasmic extensions)
21
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli in the border of the PCT

A

For increased surface area for absorption from the filtrate as it flows along the length of the PCT

22
Q

What happens in the PCT as materials are absorbed

A

Osmotic forces pull water across the wall of the PCT and into the surrounding interstitial spaces

23
Q

The epithelium of the Loop of Henle has unusual permeability characteristics for what function

A

These unusual permeability characteristics facilitate the reabsorption of water and the concentration of the filtrate

24
Q

What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle deliver and to where

A

It delivers fluid to the distal convoluted tubule

25
Q

What is the function of the DCT (2)

A
  1. The active secretion of ions and other materials
  2. Reabsorbs sodium ions from the urine
26
Q

The collecting ducts are sites of what (2)

A
  1. Active sodium reabsorption
  2. Passive water retention
27
Q

What are the lining cells of the collecting tubules capable of

A

Actively secreting hydrogen ions into the lumen

28
Q

What are the 3 basic processes that take place in the nephron

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
29
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

How does Glomerular Filtration occur

A

Glomerular blood pressure causes water and small molecules to move from the glomerulus into the capsule

30
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

The volume of liquid that filters into the Bowmans Capsule per unit time

31
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What is average GFR

A

125 ml/min

32
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What 2 factors is GFR influenced by

A
  1. Filtration pressure: determined by renal blood flow and blood pressure
  2. Filtration coefficient has 2 components: Surface area of glomerular capillaries available for filtration and permeability of the capillary-Bowman’s capsule interface
33
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What is the process of tubular reabsorption

A

Its the process of moving substances in the filtrate from the lumen of the tubule back into the blood flowing through the peritubular capillaries

34
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What are the 3 reabsorption mechanisms

A
  1. Active Transport
  2. Passive Adsorption
  3. Transcytosis
35
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

What is secretion

A

The movement of molecules from extracellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron

36
Q

Blood Volume Regulation

Why is the secretion of K+ and H+ by the nephron important

A

Its important in the homeostatic regulation of these ions

37
Q

What does the excretion rate of a substance depend on (2)

A
  1. Its filtration rate
  2. Whether the substance is reabsorbed, secreted, or both as it passes through the tubule
38
Q

Function of aldosterone in the kidneys (2)

A
  • Increase Na+ reabsorption and water in the kidney
  • Excrete potassium in the urine thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure
39
Q

Function of ADH in the kidneys (3)

A
  1. Responsible for increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts
  2. Controls reabsorption of water by affecting tissue permeability
  3. Key role in homeostasis
40
Q

What happens once the bladder fills to about 250ml

A

Stretch receptors and sensory nerve impulses send a signal to spinal cord and cause urinary bladder to contract

41
Q

The process of the release of urine is called

A

Micturition

Human Biology (5 decks)

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