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Human Biology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

What are the ureters

A

Small tubes that extend from kidney to bladder

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2
Q

What are the ureters lined with (4)

A
  1. Transitional epithelium
  2. Underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventia (fibrous layer containing blood vessels)
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3
Q

What is the bladder

A

A balloon shaped muscle that serves as the storage pouch for urine

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4
Q

Functions of the two sphincters in the bladder (2)

A
  1. Maintain constriction of a natural body passsage
  2. Relax as required by normal physiological functions
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5
Q

Where does the urethra extend from

A

From bladder to outside

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6
Q

What are the 4 kidney functions

A
  1. Excretion of metabolic wastes
  2. Maintenance of water salt balance
  3. Maintenance of acid base balance
  4. Secretion of hormones
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7
Q

What nitrogenous wastes are excreted from the kidneys

A
  1. Urea: by product of amino acid metabolism. ammonia joins to CO2 in liver to form urea
  2. Creatinine: produced from creatine phosphate in muscles
  3. Uric acid: from nucleotide metabolism. waste product found in blood. most uric acid dissolves in blood, passes through kidneys and leaves the body in the urine
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8
Q

Maintenance of water-salt balance

A
  • Blood volume is associated with salt balance of the body
  • More salts in the blood = blood volume higher = high blood pressure
  • Regulates levels of other ions
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9
Q

How do the kidneys maintain acid base balance

A
  • Control pH by excreting H+ ions and reabsorbing HCO3-
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10
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete and activate and what do they do (3)

A
  1. Renin: leads to secretion of aldosterone, which controls reabsorption of sodium ions
  2. Erythropoietin: stimulates red blood cell production
  3. Vit D: Activated by kidneys, activates calcitrol which promotes Ca2+ absorption from the digestive tract
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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the. kidney

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pelvis
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12
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of renal artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys

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13
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of afferent arteriole

A

Carries blood to the glomerulus

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14
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of efferent arterioles

A

Carry blood out away from glomerulus

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15
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of peritubular capillaries

A

Travel alongside nephrons to allow reabsorption and secretion between blood and inner lumen

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16
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

Function of renal veins

A

Carry away the filtered blood

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17
Q

Functions of the nephron (3)

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A
  1. Initial filtration of blood
  2. Selective reabsorption of filtered substances back into blood
  3. Secretion of unwanted substances
18
Q

What structures does the nephron tubular component contain (5)

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A
  1. Glomerular Capsule (Bowmans Capsule)
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Collecting Duct
19
Q

What performs the first step in filtration of blood to form urine

Study These Flashcards
A

The bowmans capsule

20
Q

Bowmans Capsule

What is the Outer and Inner layer of the Bowmans Capsule made of

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A
  • Outer layer is squamous epithelium
  • Inner layer is made of podocytes (long cytoplasmic extensions)
21
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli in the border of the PCT

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A

For increased surface area for absorption from the filtrate as it flows along the length of the PCT

22
Q

What happens in the PCT as materials are absorbed

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A

Osmotic forces pull water across the wall of the PCT and into the surrounding interstitial spaces

23
Q

The epithelium of the Loop of Henle has unusual permeability characteristics for what function

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A

These unusual permeability characteristics facilitate the reabsorption of water and the concentration of the filtrate

24
Q

What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle deliver and to where

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A

It delivers fluid to the distal convoluted tubule

25
What is the function of the DCT (2)
1. The active secretion of ions and other materials 2. Reabsorbs sodium ions from the urine
26
The collecting ducts are sites of what (2)
1. Active sodium reabsorption 2. Passive water retention
27
What are the lining cells of the collecting tubules capable of
Actively secreting hydrogen ions into the lumen
28
What are the 3 basic processes that take place in the nephron
1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion
29
# Blood Volume Regulation How does Glomerular Filtration occur
Glomerular blood pressure causes water and small molecules to move from the glomerulus into the capsule
30
# Blood Volume Regulation What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
The volume of liquid that filters into the Bowmans Capsule per unit time
31
# Blood Volume Regulation What is average GFR
125 ml/min
32
# Blood Volume Regulation What 2 factors is GFR influenced by
1. **Filtration pressure**: determined by renal blood flow and blood pressure 2. Filtration coefficient has 2 components: **Surface area of glomerular capillaries available for filtration** and **permeability of the capillary-Bowman's capsule interface**
33
# Blood Volume Regulation What is the process of tubular reabsorption
Its the process of moving substances in the filtrate from the lumen of the tubule back into the blood flowing through the peritubular capillaries
34
# Blood Volume Regulation What are the 3 reabsorption mechanisms
1. Active Transport 2. Passive Adsorption 3. Transcytosis
35
# Blood Volume Regulation What is secretion
The movement of molecules from extracellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron
36
# Blood Volume Regulation Why is the secretion of K+ and H+ by the nephron important
Its important in the homeostatic regulation of these ions
37
What does the excretion rate of a substance depend on (2)
1. Its filtration rate 2. Whether the substance is reabsorbed, secreted, or both as it passes through the tubule
38
Function of aldosterone in the kidneys (2)
* Increase Na+ reabsorption and water in the kidney * Excrete potassium in the urine thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure
39
Function of ADH in the kidneys (3)
1. Responsible for increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts 2. Controls reabsorption of water by affecting tissue permeability 3. Key role in homeostasis
40
What happens once the bladder fills to about 250ml
Stretch receptors and sensory nerve impulses send a signal to spinal cord and cause urinary bladder to contract
41
The process of the release of urine is called
Micturition

Human Biology (5 decks)

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