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Human Biology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Permits flexible body movements
  3. Protects soft body parts
  4. Stores and maintains mineral homeostasis
  5. Produces blood cells
  6. Fat storage
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2
Q

How does the skeletal system suppert the body

A

Provides a skeletal framework that can produce movement through the coordinated use of levers, muscles, tendons and ligaments

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3
Q

Examples of skeletal system protecting soft body parts

A
  • Cranium protects the brain
  • Vertebral column protects the spinal cord
  • Ribcage protects heart and lungs
  • Pelvis protects urogenital organs
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4
Q

How does the skeletal system produce blood cells

A

Haemopoietic stem cells present in red bone marrow

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5
Q

How does the skeletal system store and maintain mineral homeostasis

A
  • Bones contain 99% bodys calcium, 85% bodys phosphate, 50% bodys magnesium
  • Bones release these in response to bodys demands
  • Levels maintained and regulated by parathyroid hormone
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5
Q

How does the skeletal system aid in fat storage

A
  • Yellow bone marrow is a potential energy reserve for the body
  • It consists of adipose tissue which stores triglycerides
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5
Q

Bones of the appendicular skeleton include…

A
  • Bones of the appendages
  • The pectoral girdle
  • The pelvic girdle
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6
Q

The 2 divisions of the skeleton

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
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6
Q

Axial skeleton includes…

A
  • Bones of the skull
  • Bones of the vertebral column
  • Rib cage
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6
Q

What are the first 7 bones in the rib cage

A

The true ribs

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7
Q

What are the next 3 pairs of bones in tthe rib cage called

A

The false ribs

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8
Q

What are the next 2 sets of bones in the rib cage called

A

The floating ribs

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9
Q

The cervical vertebrae: function and structure

A

The cervical vertebrae is made up of the first 7 vertebrae. It forms a framework for the neck and supports the head

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10
Q

The thoracic vertebrae: function and structure

A

Made up of the next 12 vertebrae. They form the rear anchor of the rib cage

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11
Q

The lumbar vertebrae: function and structure

A

Made of the next 5 vertebrae. Supports most of the bodys weight.

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12
Q

The sacrum: function and structure

A

The triangular bone located below the lumbar vertebrae. Forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle

13
Q

The coccyx: structure

A

3-5 bones fused together in adults

14
Q

What is between the vertebrae and what is its function

A

Intervertebral discs. They act as shock absorbers and allow the back to move

15
Q

The 5 types of bones

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Sesamoid bones
  5. Irregular bones
16
Q

Comment on long bones

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Work as levers
  • Bones of the upper and lower extremities
17
Q

Comment on short bone

A
  • Short
  • Cube shaped
  • Found in wrists and ankles
18
Q

COmment on flat bones

A
  • Broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles
  • Sternum, cranial bones
19
Q

COmment on Sesamoid bones

A
  • Small round bone that is embedded in a tendon
  • Purpose is to decrease stress on the tendon
  • In the knees, thumb and big toe
20
Q

Comment on irregular bones

A
  • Others that dont fall into other catergories
  • Varied shape, size
  • Bones of the vertebrae and some in the skull
21
Q

3 components of bone matrix

A
  1. 25% organic matrix: collagen fibres, other proteins
  2. 50% inorganic mineral content (mineral salts): support structure hardened by calcium deposition
  3. 25% water
22
Q

Composition of compact bone

A
  • Highly organised
  • Composed of tubular units called osteons
  • Osteons contain osteocytes in lacunae which are organised in concentric rings arouns a central canal
23
Q

Composition of spongy bone

A
  • Less dense, softer, weaker, less stiff than compact bone
  • Occurs at the ends of long bones
  • Frequently contains red bone marrow where haematopoiesis occurs
  • Arranged in trabeculae
24
Q

5 types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
  5. Bone lining cells
25
Q

Comment on osteogenic cells

A
  • Respond to traumas
  • Giving rise to bone forming cells and bone destroying cells
26
Q

COmment on osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

A
  • Synthesis and secrete unmineralised ground substance
  • FOund in areas of high metabolism within the bone
27
Q

Comment on osteocytes

A
  • Mature bone cells
  • Made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves
  • Maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling bone mineral content
  • Control calcium release from bone tissue to blood
28
Q

Comment on osteoclasts

A
  • Large cells that break down bone tissue
  • Important in bone growth, healing and remodeling
29
Q

Comment on bone lining cells

A
  • Derived from osteoblasts
  • Regulate movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone
30
Q

The 2 ways bone is formed by

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification -> skull
  2. Endochondral ossification -> bones of the trunk and extremities
31
Q

Steps of intramembranous bone formation

A
  1. Increased vascularity of tissue (increased supple of blood vessels)
  2. Active proliferation of mesenchymal cells (mesenchymal cells give rise to osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts)
  3. Osteoblasts begin to lay down osteoid (osteoid is the organic part of the bone)
  4. Osteoblasts either retreat or become entrapped as osteocytes in the osteoid
  5. Osteoid calcifies to form trabeculae of spongy bone
  6. Bone remodelling occurs (compact bone formed)
32
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage model develops in foetus and is replaced by bone as development proceeds
  2. Cartilage breaks down in center of diaphysis which is now covered in periosteum
  3. Osteoblasts invade and create a primary ossification center where spongy bone is first laid down
  4. Compact bone is then laid down
  5. Gradually the osteoclasts create the medullary cavity
  6. After birth secondary ossification centers appear at the epiphyses of bones where spongy bone is laid down
  7. A band of cartilage called a growth plate remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers, as long as this remains the bones continue to grow but once ossified the bones no longer grow
33
Q

Steps of bone repair

A
  1. Haematoma forms from blood from ruptured blood vessels within 6-8 hours
  2. Fibrocartilage fills the space in about 3 weeks
  3. Osteoblasts produce the trabeculae of spongy bone that joins bone together after 3 months
  4. Remodelling by osteoblasts of compact bone and osteoclasts create a new medullary cavity
34
Q
A

Human Biology (5 decks)

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