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Human Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during inspiration

A
  1. Dome shaped muscle of the diaphragm flattens
  2. Inter costal muscles pull the rib cage upwards and outwards
  3. This increases volume of the chest cavity
  4. Air is drawn into the lungs
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1
Q

What is breathing

A

The mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What happens during expiration

A
  1. The diaphragm relaxes and resumes its dome shape
  2. The inter costal muscles relax and the rib cage falls inwards and downwards
  3. This reduces the volume of the chest cavity
  4. Air is forced out of the lungs
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3
Q

4 mechanisms of respiration

A
  1. Breathing: entry & exit of air into and out of lungs
  2. External respiration: exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between air and blood
  3. Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue
  4. Cellular respiration: production of ATP in cells
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4
Q

Describe the passage of air in the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Air enters through nostrils
  • Air passes through the nasal cavities into the pharynx (throat)
  • The trachea brings the air to the lungs
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5
Q

Where does the trachea extend from and to

A

Extends from the larynx (voice box) and branches into the two primary bronchi

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6
Q

Describe the passage of air through the lower respiratory tract

A
  • The air travels through the right and left bronchi which branch into bronchioles
  • The bronchioles deliver air to the alveolar ducts
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7
Q

How are the alveoli specialised fro gaseous exhange (4)

A
  1. Alveoli walls are extremely thin
  2. They have a large surface area in relation to volume
  3. They are fluid lined enabling gases to dissolve
  4. Surrounded by numerous capillaries
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8
Q

What is the test for lung funcion

A

Spirometry, it measures breathing capacity and how much air you can breathe out

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9
Q

Spirometry: Tidal volume

A

When relaxed small amounts of air move in and out. It is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied

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10
Q

Spirometry: Vital Capacity

A

Maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration

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11
Q

What can vital capacity help to diagnose

A

Underlying lung disease (3-5L normal adult)

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12
Q

Spirometry: Residual Volume

A

Air that remains in lungs

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13
Q

Spirometry: Dead Air Space

A

Inhaled air that remains in lungs (around 1000ml)

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14
Q

What does respiration include (2)

A
  1. Exchange of gases in lungs
  2. Exchange of gases in tissues
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15
Q

What is external respiration

A

The exchange of gases between air in alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

16
Q

The steps of external respiration

A

O2:
* Alveolar air (air coming into the lungs) contains a higher partial pressure of O2 (pO2)
* Blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is low in O2
* O2 diffuses into plasma and into rbcs (oxyhaemoglobin)
CO2: Reverse pattern
* Blood entering pulmonary capillaries (after it has circulated the body) Has a higher partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) than atmospheric air
* CO2 diffuses out of blood into the lungs

17
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Refers to the exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid

18
Q

Describe steps of internal respiration

A
  • Oxyhaemoglobin gives up O2 which diffuses out of blood into tissue due to pO2 of tissue fluid is lower than in blood
  • CO2 diffuses into the blood from the tissues
  • Small amount of CO2 binds with Hb to form carboxyhaemoglobin
19
Q

What is most CO2 carried in the blood as

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

20
Q

What affets the ability of Hb to bind to O2

A

Temperature and pH

20
Q

How does temp affect ability of Hb to bind to O2

A
  • Increased temp decreases the affinity of Hb for O2.
  • As Hb exposed to higher temps in the metabolising tissues, affinity decreases and Hb unloads O2
21
Q

What conditions favour the uptake of O2 by Hb

A

Lower temp and higher pH in lungs is favourable for uptake of O2 by Hb

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