Urinary System

Question 1

Urinary system consists of

Answer 1

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 2

Functions of Urinary System

Answer 2

• removes metabolic waste and retain nurtrients
• regulates blood volume and BP
• regulates concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, etc.
• helps stabilize blood pH

Question 3

Kidneys

Answer 3

• 2 kidneys on each side of spine between T12 & L3, left kidney superior
• stabalize in place by surround CT
• redish brown, 10 cm long, 5.5. cm wide, 3 cm thick, 150g

Question 4

Kidneys external layers

Answer 4

surrounded by 3 tissue layers
* renal capsule-fibrous (innermost)
* adipose capsule-perirenal fat
* renal fascia (outermost)

Question 5

Kidney structure

Answer 5

• each kidney has a smooth anterior and posterior surface covered by a fibrous capsule. On the medial margin of each kidney is the hilum of kidney, which is a deep vertical slit through which renal vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and leave the kidney
• internally, the hilum is continuous with the renal sinus. Each kidney consists of a outer renal cortex & inner renal medulla. Renal cortex is a continous band pale tissue surrounds renal medulla. Extensions of renal columns project into inner aspect of kidney, dividing renal medulla into renal pyramids.

Question 6

Renal vasculature & blood flow through nerphrons

Answer 6

• a single large renal artery, a lateral branch of the abdominal aorta supplies each kidney
• renal artery–> segmental artery–> arcurate artery–> interlobular artery

Question 7

Ureters

Answer 7

• muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
• at 3 points along their course the ureters are contricted
  1. 1st point @ureteropelvic junction
  2. 2nd point is where ureters cross the common iliac vessels
  3. 3rd point is where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder
• kidney stones can become lodges at these constrictions

Question 8

Bladder

Answer 8

• is the most anterior element of the pelvic viscera. Although it is entirely situated in the pelvic cavity when empty, it expands superiorly into abdominal cavity when full.
• shaped like a 3-sided pyramid that has tipped over to lie on one of its margins
• it had an apex, a base, a superior surface, and 2 inferolateral surfaces

Question 9

Neck of bladder

Answer 9

• surrounds origin of the urethra at point where 2 inferolateral surfaces and the base intersect
• most inferior part of the bladder & most fixed part. it is anchored into position by a pair of tough fibromuscular bands which connect the neck & pelvic part of urethra to posterioinferior aspect of each pubic bone

Question 10

Bladder in women

Answer 10

fibromusclar bands (pubovesical ligament), the perineal membrane & assoicated muscles, the levator ani muscles, & the pubic bones, help to support the bladder

Question 11

bladder in men

Answer 11

fibromuscular bands (puboprostatic ligament), the perineal membrane & associated muscles, the levator ani muscles, & the pubic bones, help support the bladder

Question 12

Urethra

Answer 12

• in the pelvic cavity it begins at the neck of the bladder & ends with an external opening in the perineum. The path taken by the urethra differ significantly in women and men

Question 13

Urethra in men

Answer 13

• long about 20 cm
• beginning at the base of bladder and passing inferiorly through the prostate, it passess through deep perineal pouch & perineal membrane & enters the root of penis, sequentially entering body of the penis
• divided into
  preprostatic
  prostatic
  membranous
  spongy part

Question 14

Urethra in women

Answer 14

• short, 4cm long
• passes through deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane before opening in the vestibule that lies between the labia minora
• opening is anterior to vaginal opening in the vestibule. inferior aspect of urethra is bound to anterior surface of vagina. 2 small paraurthral mucous glands (skene’s glands) are associated with lower end of urethra. Each drains via a duct that opens onto lateral margin of external urethral orifice.