Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory movement of ribs
Pump handle movement: Elevation of ribs–>increase in antero-posterior diameter of throacic cavity
Bucket handle movement: elevation of ribs–> increase in lateral diameter of thoracic cavity
Division of the respiratory system
upper respiratory system
* mouth
* nasal cavities
* pharynx
* Larynx
Lower respiratory system
* Trachea & bronchial tree (conductive zone-no gas exchange)
* Lungs & pleural membranes
* Alveoli (respiratory zone-gas exchange)
Larynx
- epiglottic cartilage
open & close larynx - thyroid cartilage: superior horn
keep it open so air can pass - Arytrnoid cartilage: muscular process
move a lot, vocal cords attach to it - circoid cartilage: lamina
keep it open so air can pass - recurrent laryngeal nerve
affects ability to speak-thyroid removed somtimes cut or removed, on one side only
Pleura
- membranes of the lung
- Join to form pulmonary ligament at root of lung
- Layers: double-walled
-visceral (attached to the lung)
-potential cavity (between layers-pleural cavity, between parietal & visceral)
-parietal (attached to the thorax-wall)
-serous fluid (circulates between the two layers) - Superiorly, they extend above rib 1 into the root of the neck (thoracic inlet)
- Inferiorly, they extend to a level just above the costal margin.
Parietal Pleura
The names given to the parietal pleura correspond to the parts of the wall which they are associated. (not flexible, attached to thoracic wall)
Innervation:
* costal and cervical: intercostal nerves
* diaphragmatic & mediastinal: phrenic nerve
Parts:
-suprapleural membrane-attached to transverse process C7 and rib 1
-cervical pleura-above rib 1
-costal part-inbetween ribs
-mediastinal part-on side of hilum
-diapgramatic part
Visceral Pleura
- Not sensitive to pain, temperature, or pressure. It’s sensory fibers only detect stretch. It recieves autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.
- covers whole lungs-flexible
- parietal pleura and visceral pleaura don’t connect except at one point. serous fluid in between.
Pleural recessess
- The lungs do not completely fill the anterior or posterior regions of the pleural cavities, resulting in recessess in which two layers of parietal pleura become opposed.
- Need it to accomodate the lungs expansion during forced inspiration
- Left & right retroesophageal recesses: created by reflection of mediastinal pleura supporting the esophagus.
- Infracardiac recess: It’s a small recess of right pleural sac which occasionally goes below the inferior vena cava
- Costomediastinal recess: cardiac notch on L side-intercostal spaces 4&5
- costodiaphragmatic recess: the largest, ribs 8-11
Lungs
- lie on either side of the (seperated by) mediastinum surrounded by the R & L pleural cavities. Air enters & leaves the lungs via main bronchi, which are branches of the trachea
- the pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the R ventricle of the heart. Oxygenated blood returns to the L artium via the pulmonary veins.
Lungs: surfaces & borders
Borders
* anterior border
* posterior border
* inferior border
Surfaces
* costal surface
* mediastinal surface
* base (diaphragmatic surface)
Structures passing through the hilum
- A pulmonary artery: deoxygenated blood
- 2 pulmonary veins: oxygenated blood
- a main bronchus
- bronchial vessels (supplies blood to lungs)
- nerves
- lymphatics
- in the mediastrium, the vagus nerves pass immediately posterior to the roots of the lungs, while the phrenic nerves pass immediately anterior to them
Right lung
- larger, 3 lobes, 2 fissures
- Horizontal fissure: separates the superior lobe from middle lobe
- oblique fissure: separates the inferior lobe from the superior & middle lobe
- superior vena cava impression
- azygos vein impression
- middle surface of heart impression
- esophagus
- R main bronchus, pulm art, pulm vein (superior to inferior)
Left Lung
- 2 lobes
- oblique fissure: separates the superior lobe to the inferior lobe. Is slightly more oblique than the corresponding fissure of the R lung
- Lingula: small middle lobe kind of
- all lobes independent
- esophagus
- descending aorta impression
- subclavian artery impression
- aortic arch impression
- cardiac impression
- L pulm art, L main bronchus, L pulm vein (superior to inferior)
Conductive zone (no gas exchange)
- nose
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
Trachea & bronchial tree
- the trachea extends from vertebral level C6 to vertebral level T4/5 where it bifurcates into a R and L main brochus
- the trachea is held open by C-shaped transverse cartilage rings embedded in the wall-the open part of the C facing posteriorly. The lowest trachial ring has a hook-shaped structure, the carina, that projects backwards in the midline between origins of 2 main bronchi.
- each main bronchus enters the root of a lung and passes through the hilum into lung itself
- R main bronchus is wider and more vertical through root and hilum
Bronchioles
- the smallest branches from bronchial tree
- less than 1 mm in diameter
- cartilage plates disappear in bronchioles
- muscle main element of wall
bronchopulmonary segements
- area of lung supplied by a segemental (tertiary) bronchus and its accompanying pulmonary artery branch
- There are 10 bronchopulmonary segements in each lung some of them fuse in the left lung
- important: a bronchopulmonary segment is the smallest, functionally independent region of a lung and the smallest area of lung that can be isolated and removed without affecting adjacent regions.
Bronchial vessels
All nutrition of lungs
* right bronchial artery
* superior left bronchial artery
* inferior left brnchial artery
Pulmonary veins
- on each side of a superior pulmonary vein and an inferior pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium
- R pulmonary veins
- L pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries
- the R and L pulmonary arteries originate from the pulmonary trunk and carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart
- R pulmonary artery: longer and passess horizontally across mediastrium
- L pulmonary artery: is shorter and lies anterior to the descending aorta and posterior to the superior pulmonary vein
Innervation
- R & L vagus n.
- anterior & posterior pulmonary plexus
- sympathetic trunk
